Which of the following is a characteristic of qualitative but not experimental research methods

What are the main types of qualitative approaches to research?

While there are many different investigations that can be done, a study with a qualitative approach generally can be described with the characteristics of one of the following three types:

Historical research describes past events, problems, issues and facts.  Data are gathered from written or oral descriptions of past events, artifacts, etc.  It describes “what was” in an attempt to recreate the past.  It is different from a report in that it involves interpretation of events and its influence on the present.  It answers the question: “What was the situation?” 

Examples of Historical Research:

• A study of the factors leading to the historical development and growth of cooperative learning
• A study of the effects of the historical decisions of the United States Supreme Court on American prisons
• A study of the evolution of print journalism in the United States through a study of collections of newspapers
• A study of the historical trends in public laws by looking recorded at a local courthouse

Ethnographic research develops in-depth analytical descriptions of current systems, processes, and phenomena and/or understandings of the shared beliefs and practices of a particular group or culture.  This type of design collects extensive narrative data (non-numerical data) based on many variables over an extended period of time in a natural setting within a specific context. The background, development, current conditions, and environmental interaction of one or more individuals, groups, communities, businesses or institutions is observed, recorded, and analyzed for patterns in relation to internal and external influences.  It is a complete description of present phenomena.

One specific form of ethnographic research is called a case study.  It is a detailed examination of a single group, individual, situation, or site. 

A meta-analysis is another specific form.  It is a statistical method which accumulates experimental and correlational results across independent studies.  It is an analysis of analyses.

Examples of Ethnographic Research:

• A case study of parental involvement at a specific magnet school
• A multi-case study of children of drug addicts who excel despite early childhoods in poor environments
• The study of the nature of problems teachers encounter when they begin to use a constructivist approach to instruction after having taught using a very traditional approach for ten years
• A psychological case study with extensive notes based on observations of and interviews with immigrant workers
• A study of primate behavior in the wild measuring the amount of time an animal engaged in a specific behavior

Narrative research focuses on studying a single person and gathering data through the collection of stories that are used to construct a narrative about the individual’s experience and the meanings he/she attributes to them.

Examples of Narrative Research:

• A study of the experiences of an autistic student who has moved from a self-contained program to an inclusion setting
• A study of the experiences of a high school track star who has been moved on to a championship-winning university track team

Which of the following are features of the qualitative research paradigm?A. The research is concerned with understanding the social phenomena from the participant's perspectiveB. It seeks to establish relationships, among variables and explains the cause of changes in measured social factsC. It is conducted in actual settings as the direct source of data and the researcher is the key instrumentD. It is concerned with the process rather than simply with outcomes or products (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); E. It attempts to establish universal context-free generalizationChoose the correct answer from the options given below:

1. A, B and C only
2. B, C and D only
3. A, C and D only
4. C, D and E only

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 3 : A, C and D only

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Research is a process of systematic inquiry that entails collection of data; documentation of critical information; and analysis and interpretation of that data/information, in accordance with suitable methodologies set by specific professional fields and academic disciplines.

Characteristics Of Qualitative Inquiry:

• Qualitative research focuses on the study of complex human and social problems in totality, unlike the scientific method of concentrating on the study of fragmented variables or situations or events. 
• In qualitative research, the human and subjective approach is highlighted. 
• The studies are conducted in a natural/actual setting i.e., to observe the events without making any manipulations or controls on variables studied. 
• It involves a variety of data gathering techniques and approaches of qualitative nature viz., case study, interviews, dialogues, observations, personal experience, life story, visual data like photography, etc. 
• Qualitative researchers are concerned primarily with the process, rather than outcomes or products.
• The process of qualitative research is inductive in that the researcher builds abstractions, concepts, hypotheses, and theories from details.
• Qualitative research is descriptive in that the researcher is interested in the process, meaning, and understanding gained through words or pictures.
• The qualitative researcher is the primary instrument for data collection and analysis. Data are mediated through this human instrument, rather than through inventories, questionnaires, or machines.

Thus, option 3 is the correct answer.

1. Experimental research helps in establishing causal relationships among different variables in a situation under controlled conditions. Experimental research is undertaken when a researcher wishes to trace cause-and-effect relationships between defined variables.\

2. Generalization, which is an act of reasoning that involves drawing broad inferences from particular observations, is widely acknowledged as a quality standard in quantitative research but is more controversial in qualitative research. The goal of most qualitative studies is not to generalize but rather to provide a rich, contextualized understanding of some aspect of human experience through the intensive study of particular cases.

Last updated on Sep 21, 2022

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