Which one of the following methods of analyzing investment returns of a direct participation program takes into consideration the time value of money?

So, what is value for money?

Value for money has been defined as a utility derived from every purchase or every sum of money spent. Value for money is based not only on the minimum purchase price (economy) but also on the maximum efficiency and effectiveness of the purchase.

The concept of Value for Money (VfM) in everyday life is easily understood as “not paying more for a good or service than its quality or availability justify”. In relation to public spending, it implies a concern with economy (cost minimization), efficiency (output maximization) and effectiveness (full attainment of the intended results). It must also support the value of equity.

Value for money is used interchangeably with synonyms such as: 

• Optimal (optimization)
• Return on Investment (ROI)
• Things sold at a good price
• Where quality meets the price
• Quality to price ratio
• Win-win

The 4 Es in Value for Money

In an attempt to provide a standard for defining and measuring value for money, 3 E’s – economy, efficiency and effectiveness, were initially introduced and later a fourth E (equity). It is not the intention of this article to define the 4 E’s, but to explore how the 4 E’s can be deployed in the public sector.

Value for money tools

Various tools exist for ensuring value for money, such as:

• Stakeholder involvement at concept level. Public participation is expected for any government intervention, where value for citizens is conceived, articulated, and a social contract “signed”.
• Comprehensive budget (zero based vs incremental).
• Link indicators to the budget/costs. Usually, value for money can be measured by comparing at the granular level, the cost of delivering an output. 
• Budget variance analysis. Once an expenditure budget has been approved by the citizens either directly or through their elected leaders, the public sector practitioner must have a way of ensuring that he does not exceed those budget limits.
• User surveys/feedback is a powerful tool that helps the implementer to hear from the beneficiary if indeed the social contract was fulfilled. 
• Value for money audits. This is an independent practitioner’s evaluation. Different synonyms are used for value for money audit, such as – performance audits, technical audits, procurement audits, system audits, process audits etc. It is important to clearly define the scope of such audits, so as to get the right outcome.

Steps to achieve value for money

• Agree what value for money is with your stakeholders
• Determine that it is achievable. Plan to achieve value for money
• How will you measure value for money? Tools?
• Measure value. Be objective. Need external independent eye?
• Communicate value for money. How?
• Revise your plans based on lessons learnt 

Watch out, value for money leaks!

Good intentions, ethical behaviour, adept planning does not always guarantee value for money. Value for money leaks, and therefore it is important to identify the typical leak points, which include:

• Poorly designed programs/projects
• Poor budgeting
• Sub-optimal implementation
• Inadequate monitoring and evaluation processes
• Weaknesses in procurement controls
• Theft and corruption
• Assets misappropriation 

A public practitioner who is keen to deliver value, will work towards sealing these leaks, which can jeopardize value for money and thereby affect the social contract. And remember, that prevention is better than cure.

VfM challenges in public sector

Defining and measuring value for money is fraught with various challenges in the public sector such as.

• The public good problem - not always easy to value a public good, because money (cost) is not the only measure. 
• Cost accounting - how do you do cost accounting in the public sector?
• Multiple stakeholders with different and unclear expectations complicate the measurement of value for money.

Communicating VfM 

However difficult or seemingly impossible it is to articulate, plan, deliver and measure VfM in the public sector, a clear communication strategy is important. It is said that many times, value is deemed not to have been delivered because it is not declared. So, what are the minimums when it comes to communicating VfM? 

1. Determine the user of the communication - complex or a simple user? Informed or uninformed? Engaged or disengaged? Cynical or believing?
2. Ensure common understanding of value for money. Define value at the onset, so as to avoid expectation gaps.
3. Timely communication. What value is it if the communication is not on time? 
4. Corroborated by independent sources. An independent mono-eye is always more trusted than a subjective pair of eyes. Get someone else to validate value for money.
5. Use the occasion to pick lessons learnt

Which of the following is used to measure the rate of return on a direct participation program?

Which of the following is the most common type of direct participation program in the securities industry?

Which of the following is a direct participation program?

What is an advantage of direct participation programs?