Which of the methods could be used by appraisers for estimating the cost of construction?

One commercial real estate valuation method is the cost approach method (sometimes called the “cost approach if developed”). In essence, the cost approach valuation method derives how much it would cost to rebuild an investment property from the ground up.

With the cost approach, the property value equals the value of the land, material, and labor costs, minus depreciation.

When Is the Cost Approach Method Used?

When comparables are few or non-existent, CRE professionals may use the cost approach to determine property value. 

For example, a hospital typically does not have many (or any) comparables in the area to help with price analysis. So for highly specialized structures with customized renovations, the cost approach may be the best option to determine property value.

New builds in a market may also lack a sufficient number of properties that could be considered similar. This is why construction lenders typically require cost approach appraisals – new development value depends on the project standards and completion. So projects are reappraised at various stages of construction to release funds for the next stage of building.

Some assets that may require the cost approach method include:

  • Hospitals

  • Religious buildings

  • Convention centers

  • Sports arenas / stadiums

  • Museums

  • Theaters 

  • Libraries

  • Schools

How to Calculate Cost Approach

The simple cost approach formula is:

Cost – Depreciation + Land Worth = Property Value

Common ways to calculate the cost approach include:

  • Comparative unit approach - This calculates the total estimate for the costs to construct a new building on a per square foot basis. It is based on actual construction materials.

  • Segregated cost approach - This method estimates the cost of each individual building component, such as steel framing, roofing, HVAC systems, plumbing, etc. 

Two alternative ways to interpret cost approach appraisals are:

  1. Property reproduction - This method determines what an exact replica of the property would cost to build. It’s assumed original material will be used.

  2. Property replacement - This means creating a new structure with the same function using new materials, current construction methods, and modern design.

What Is Depreciation?

Property depreciation can be categorized as physical, economic, and/or functional obsolescence.

  • Physical depreciation takes into account the normal wear and tear of a structure over time.

  • Functional depreciation occurs due to outdated design and features or changes in customer tastes.

  • Economic depreciation is the loss in property income value due to factors such as recession, local economic forces, or local property value/demand fluctuations.

The Cost Approach Method & Optimal Usage

It’s important to understand that the cost approach method emphasizes optimal usage for property value estimates. For instance, land near a densely populated area might be best for a multi-unit apartment building or an office complex. Meanwhile, a location near a busy seaport might be ideal for warehousing and exportation facilities.

What Are the Limitations to the Cost Approach Method?

Major limits to the cost approach are that it does not consider potential property income, and it does not take into account comparable properties.

Other potential limits to the cost approach include:

  • Lack of available land

  • Older property depreciation is difficult to calculate

  • Special building materials may be scarce

Cost Approach Helps Measure CRE Market Health

The cost approach can also be used as a market health benchmark. When market prices are higher than a cost approach appraisal, it can be a sign of an overbought market. On the other hand, market prices below cost approach appraisals may signal a buying opportunity.

To effectively gauge the potential return on an investment property, understanding its value is a crucial first step. There are several different approaches that appraisers follow to value commercial real estate properties, and cost approach appraisal is among the most popular. Unlike other methods, the cost approach assigns a value based on the costs an investor might incur recreating the same building from scratch.

In this blog post, we’ll review what the cost approach to appraisal is, how to calculate the value using the cost approach, and more.

What Is the Cost Approach to Valuing Properties in Real Estate?

The cost approach determines the value of commercial real estate based on the costs of building that same structure. This method also factors in the depreciation of the building, as well as the land’s worth. Overall, itt follows the premise that buyers shouldn’t spend more on purchasing a property than they would building that same property from scratch. 

The cost approach to appraising commercial real estate is only one of three methods that investors use to value buildings in the investment process. Typically, this method tends to be most accurate when evaluating newer properties. It can also be helpful when valuing unique properties that may not be easy to replicate or frequently sold.

Formula: How the Cost Approach Works

The formula for calculating property value using the cost approach to appraisal method is simple:

Value of the Property = Cost of Construction – Depreciation + Land Worth 

Because the cost approach relies on the expenses incurred through the construction process, it doesn’t take into account market factors like other buildings. For this reason, it may not be the preferred method for every investor.

Step-By-Step: How to Calculate Property Value With the Cost Approach to Appraisal

Now that you understand the concept and formula, how can you actually move forward and calculate the cost of a building? 

In order to use the cost approach to property appraisal, follow the steps below.

1. Calculate the Cost of Replacing or Reproducing the Building

The first step of the cost approach is calculating the cost of the building. You can do this by following either the replacement or reproduction method. The essential difference to note between these two approaches is how you determine material and building costs.

  • Replacement: costs are based on building the same structure based on modern materials, costs, design standards, and building techniques
  • Reproduction: costs are based on duplicating the original property with the same materials, costs, and design

Because the replacement cost method takes a more practical approach to illustrating building costs, it’s more common. 

Naturally, the newer a building, the less of a difference you’ll find in property value between these two approaches. Older buildings, on the other hand, will likely have a more significant cost difference, especially when cheaper, obsolete materials were involved.

2. Calculate Depreciation

Whether you choose to follow the replacement cost approach or the reproduction cost approach, the next step is to calculate depreciation. Depreciation is simply a measure of the building’s loss in value, as well as any improvements.

However, there are a efw different types of depreciation to consider:

  1. Physical depreciation: The decline in value based on standard property aging and gradual wear and tear
  2. Functional depreciation: Potential loss in value resulting from evolving consumer needs and trends
  3. Economic depreciation: Property value changes related to both local and market-wide economic factors

3. Calculate the Land’s Worth (Market Value)

Once you calculate the approximate value of depreciation, consider the land’s worth, or its market value. 

While there are a few ways you can determine the land’s value, the simplest and most straightforward is the direct sales comparison method. This method bases the land’s worth off of local, similarly sized plots of land that were recently sold.

4. Subtract Depreciation From the Cost of Construction

With the primary values required for the cost approach to appraisal, you can begin your valuation. 

To start, subtract the depreciation from the cost of construction (whether you chose to follow the reproduction or replacement method).

5. Add the Land Worth

Finally, add the land’s worth (which you found in step three) to the depreciated cost of construction to arrive at the total estimated value.

This is the approximate cost you can look to as you consider the property’s value, and whether or not it aligns with your investment strategy.

Cost Approach Appraisal Example

With the formula and steps clearly outlined, it’s time to take a look at a cost approach to appraisal example. For this example, we’ll make the following assumptions:

  • The cost of construction is $3,000,000
  • The depreciation is $450,000
  • The land is worth $2,250,000

To start, subtract the depreciation from the cost of construction:

$3,000,000-$450,000=$2,550,000

Then, add this figure to the land value:

$2,550,000+$2,250,000=$4,800,000

In this cost approach example, the value of the property is $4,800,000.

Alternatives: Other Property Appraisal & Valuation Methods

The cost approach to appraisal is only one way to value properties during the real estate investment process. Because depreciation can be difficult to accurately calculate, this method tends to work best for newer properties.

However, the other methods, which are outlined below, can work well in other scenarios:

  • Sales Comparison Approach: This method determines the valuation based on other similar properties in the market that have recently sold. Throughout this process, appraisers also consider other important factors that could affect this valuation, like the price per square foot, cap rates, the state of the building, and details about the tenants.
  • Cap Rate Approach: Cap rates are not only a crucial metric you can utilize to compare apples to apples when reviewing pipeline acquisitions, but also to calculate property value. To determine property value with the cap rate, simply divide the net operating income (NOI) by the cap rate. This formula yields the value based on current cash flow, so it’s most relevant when you anticipate that cash flow will remain consistent.
  • Discounted Cash Flow Approach: While more complex than other methods to calculate, the discounted cash flow approach provides a more usable valuation by considering how cash flow might change over time. This approach can be imperative when your goal is to take a year-by-year approach to analyzing cash flow.

Pros and Cons to Performing Property Appraisals Using the Cost Approach

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the cost approach to appraisal? While this valuation technique can be helpful and insightful as you consider new pipeline acquisitions, there are a few important considerations to keep in mind. 

First, remember that this formula relies on the idea that comparable land sales are available. If you can’t find a benchmark of the land’s worth based on recent sales of similar properties, then the valuation may be inaccurate.

More generally, the theory behind this approach relies on the idea that there is additional land available to actually build this property. Because the objective is to value land based on the cost of constructing an identical building, this figure may not be entirely useful if similar land doesn’t exist.

Additionally, depreciation can be challenging to accurately estimate, especially for older properties.

While there are downsides to the cost approach, there are also situations where this method is ideal. 

Newer properties are particularly well suited for this valuation method, as the cost of materials will have changed minimally since construction. Unique properties that are unlikely to have comparable locations, such as libraries and churches, are also ideal for the cost approach.

Compare Pipeline Acquisitions Against Historical Data With Ease

Gathering new data about market opportunities can help drive your future acquisitions efforts, but standardizing and consistently storing data is challenging for even the most organized teams. When your data must be organized by property size, value, market, and other factors, surfacing relevant property information can mean digging through spreadsheets for hours, only to find unstandardized data.

Dealpath ensures your team can easily reference data when you need it most by creating a reliable system of record that tracks data based on your unique processes. You can compare new opportunities against historical data by clicking a few simple filters. Schedule a demo to learn how Dealpath can simplify the valuation and comparison process for your firm.

What are the three methods for determining the cost of development?

This is the difference between the total cost of development of the property and its market value after completion. ❖ Cost estimating uses three methods: ❖ Comparative (unit of area or volume); ❖ Quantity survey; ❖ Unit-in-place.

What is the most common approach used by appraisers?

Sales comparison. This is the most common method, where appraisers value a property based on the recent selling prices of similar properties in the same neighborhood.

What is the formula used with the cost approach to appraisal?

(3) Cost Approach has a basic formula: Property Value = Land Value plus Cost New minus Depreciation. It relies on the principle of substitution. Simply stated, the price someone is willing to pay for a property is influenced by the cost of acquiring a substitute or comparable.

What are the three general approaches used in estimating the value of properties?

Value Versus Cost and Price..
Market Value..
Method 1: Sales Comparison Approach..
Method 2: Cost Approach..
Method 3: Income Capitalization Approach..