Which of the following statements is true about the transition to parenthood?

Q: What is a characteristic of reciprocal socialization?

Reciprocal socialization is a socialization process that is bidirectional; children socialize parents just as parents socialize children. For example, the interaction of mothers and their infants is sometimes symbolized as a dance or dialogue in which following actions of the partners are closely coordinated.

The transition to parenthood is a major life event associated with happiness in some individuals and unhappiness in others. This project will use longitudinal and experience sampling methods to study the sources and processes underlying individual differences in psychological well-being trajectories during the transition to parenthood. This project is part of the Healthy Lifespan theme.

Inhaltsverzeichnis Show

Which of the following statements is true about the mother infant bond quizlet?
What is a characteristic of reciprocal socialization?
Which of the following is the best description of scaffolding quizlet?
Which of the following statements about infants and REM sleep is true?

Becoming a parent represents a critical life transition. How does parenthood affect psychological well-being? This has been a central question in personality-developmental and social psychology and family sociology for decades. Yet, research fell short of reaching a consensus, with studies portraying the transition to parenthood as either a negative or a positive experience.

The project’s overarching goal is to reconcile these inconsistent findings by examining whether the transition might have different consequences for different aspects of psychological well-being and for different individuals. We will use existing panel datasets and collect novel data using experience sampling methods and the infrastructure of the Brabant study to examine how the transition shapes momentary experiences and retrospective assessments of hedonic (e.g., happiness) and eudemonic (e.g., meaning in life) well-being. We will explore the role of daily and momentary experiences, individual differences, different aspects of immediate and broader societal context in shaping between-individual differences in the experience of the transition.

Team

Dr. Olga Stavrova is a social psychologist. She studies psychological well-being and health, interpersonal relationships, beliefs and attitudes.

Dr. Anne Reitz is a developmental and personality psychologist. Her research interests are in the areas of personality and self-esteem development and life transitions.

Dr. Katya Ivanova is an expert in family sociology. Her research explores the links between fertility and well-being, predictors of the transition to parenthood, and complex and novel family arrangements.

Barker’s work with the Niue connect cultural values and practices to which of the following?

A. childhood

B. adolescence

C. infancy

D. late adulthood

In the Niuean worldview, people become frail because:

A. the natural process of aging

B. they acted selfishly

C. they paid the proper respect to their ancestors

D. they put group needs ahead of their own individual needs

Which of the following statements is true about treatment of the aging on Niue?

A. all elders receive good care even when they are very ill

B. Niuean cultural values do not include a respect for elders

C. neglecting and teasing the frail elderly is justified in Niuean worldview

D. the physically disabled receive the harshest treatment on Niue

Frail elders on Niue represent:

A. the natural aging process

B. the transition from the physical world to the spiritual world

C. the cultural value, obedience to authority

D. the cultural value, respect for elders

In Western thinking, the average one-year-old is able to say his or her first intelligible word this is an example of:

A. a developmental milestone

B. a developmental norm

C. a developmental accomplishment

D. the first cognitive skill to appear in infancy

In many traditional societies, teenagers or young adolescents participate in rituals that mark a transition in their new social status. This is a:

A. rite of passage

B. adolescent achievement

C. a stage of puberty

D. developmental norm

Jackie is discussing the changes that will take place over her lifetime from conception until death. The growth and changes that take place over this time period represent which of the following?

A. a rite of passage

B. developmental norm

C. quantitative change

D. ontogenetic development

Which of the following individuals introduced the bio-social-cultural model of development?

A. Sternberg

B. Piaget

C. Packer and Cole

D. Super and Harkness

Brielle is studying how Inuit parenting practices shaped developmental outcomes. She is emphasizing the physical and social settings, child care and child rearing practices, and the psychological characteristics of caregivers. She is using which of the following frameworks?

A. the bio-social-cultural model of development

B. the developmental niche

C. the developmental norm

D. the birthing system

Which of the following components IS NOT part of the developmental niche?

A. the psychological characteristics of caregivers

B. the physical and social settings in which children develop

C. developmental norms the child should be able to accomplish

D. child care and child rearing practices

Maria has decided to experience childbirth with the aid of an experienced woman who has training in childbirth. Maria is including which of the following individuals in her birth process?

A. a shaman

B. doula

C. obstetric nurse

D. obstetrician

In their cross-cultural work on childbirth, Jordan and Davis-Floyd compared the birthing process across all of the following countries EXCEPT:

A. Sweden

B. the United States

C. Holland

D. Honduras

Jordan and Davis-Floyd view birth as a culturally constructed, universal process. In their work, they focus upon the elements of cultural and social practices that are shared, learn, and experienced in particular cultural and social settings. They term this:

A. birthing routines

B. birthing systems

C. traditional births

D. hospital births

In their work on childbirth Jordan and Davis-Floyd illustrated how everyday activities shape cultural birthing practices. They highlighted how Yucatec Mayan midwives relied on cultural rules that shape speech to help conversational partners. The midwives were using:

A. birthing systems

B. discourse routines

C. shamans

D. the developmental niche

The term for the study of how humans use space in specific cultural context is:

A. the developmental norm

B. rite of passage

C. the developmental niche

D. proxemics

The normative infant sleeping arrangement for many middle income Western European families is:

A. to sleep in bed with the baby

B. to sleep in the same room with the baby

C. to have the baby sleep with any available siblings

D. the baby sleeps in a separate room

Worldwide one of the most typical cultural arrangements for parent infant sleeping is:

A. infants sleep in the same bed with their caregivers

B. infants sleep in a separate room away from the caregivers

C. infants sleep with other child relatives

D. infants sleep in a central location in the home

Marelli and colleagues interviewed rural, Mayan and middle income, American families about infant sleeping arrangements. Their findings were:

A. all American mothers co-slept with their infants

B. all American mothers placed their infants in a nearby room

C. all Mayan mothers co-slept with their infants

D. no Mayan mothers coast slept with their infants after the infant was one year old

Marelli and colleagues interviewed rural, Mayan and middle income, American families about infant sleeping arrangements. Which of the following IS TRUE about caregivers decisions regarding infant sleeping arrangements?

A. Mayan parents believed co-sleeping is dangerous

B. American parents believe co-sleeping is dangerous and harmful to children’s development

C. Mayan parents approved of parents and children sleeping apart

D. American parents believe co-sleeping helps caregivers and children develop emotional connections

Shweder and colleagues asked Indian and American adults to design sleeping arrangements for a hypothetical family that included men, women, girls, and boys. They suggested certain moral principles and cultural ideals shape people’s use of space and sleeping arrangements. Placing mature boys and girls in separate rooms links to the moral ideal of:

A. the autonomy ideal

B. the sacred couple

C. protection of the vulnerable

D. incest avoidance ideal

In communities that socialize children to be independent and self-reliant, this moral principle is likely to shape caregiver decisions about sleeping arrangements. It is:

A. the autonomy ideal

B. the sacred couple

C. protection of the vulnerable

D. incest avoidance ideal

Sleeping apart from children provides couples with a private space for emotional and sexual intimacy. This relates to which of the following moral principles and cultural ideals?

A. the autonomy ideal

B. the sacred couple

C. protection of the vulnerable

D. incest avoidance ideal

Shweder and colleagues asked Indian and American adults to design sleeping arrangements for a hypothetical family that included men, women, girls, and boys. They suggested certain moral principles and cultural ideals shape people’s use of space and sleeping arrangements. Which of the following appeared only in the Indian adults’ decision-making processes about sleeping arrangements?

A. the autonomy ideal

B. the sacred couple

C. female chastity anxiety

D. incest avoidance ideal

Shweder and colleagues asked Indian and American adults to design sleeping arrangements for a hypothetical family that included men, women, girls, and boys. They suggested certain moral principles and cultural ideals shape people’s use of space and sleeping arrangements. Which of the following was a moral principle or cultural ideal that DID NOT shape Indian adults’ decision-making processes about sleeping arrangements?

A. the autonomy ideal

B. female chastity anxiety

C. protection of the vulnerable

D. respect for hierarchy

The Tismane or an indigenous community in Bolivia. Culturally embedded explanations for infant death include which of the following:

A. infections

B. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

C. malnutrition

D. unfaithful husbands

Humans possess a relatively stable biological disposition that describes how we characteristically react to our environment. The term that best describes this is:

A. developmental norm

B. temperament

C. personality

D. personal attribute

Which research team conducted the New York Longitudinal Study, a landmark study on temperament?

A. Super and Harkness

B. Fiske and Fiske

C. Thomas and Chess

D. Packer and Cole

Thomas and Chess identified three temperament categories from numerous behavioral dimensions which remain relatively stable over time. Which type of temperament would include a child who smiles often, has regular eating and sleeping rhythms, and easily adjust to new situations?

A. slow to warm up

B. difficult

C. easy

D. goodness of fit

Thomas and Chess identified three temperament categories from numerous behavioral dimensions which remain relatively stable over time. Which type of temperament would include a child who cries often, has irregular rhythms for eating and sleeping, and has temper tantrums when frustrated?

A. slow to warm up

B. difficult

C. easy

D. goodness of fit

Thomas and Chess identified three temperament categories from numerous behavioral dimensions which remain relatively stable over time. Which type of temperament would include a child who reacts negatively to unfamiliar people at first has both positive and negative moods?

A. slow to warm up

B. difficult

C. easy

D. goodness of fit

The match between the child’s temperament and the demands the environment places upon it is:

A. slow to warm up

B. difficult

C. easy

D. goodness of fit

Saundra is a difficult child. Her teacher has an easy temperament and provides Saundra with the time she needs to adjust to new situations. The match between Saundra’s temperament and her school environment is an example of:

A. slow to warm up

B. difficult

C. easy

D. goodness of fit

Parental beliefs about children’s temperament reinforce cultural values to socialization practices. In their cross-cultural study on how mothers’ understanding of their children’s behavior shaped their temperamental outcomes found:

A. Italian parents believe it is important to keep their children on a fixed feeding schedule

B. for Dutch parents, a child who sticks to a regular schedule is a difficult child

C. for Italian parents, a shy child is a difficult child

D. for Italian parents, a child who sticks to a regular schedule is a difficult child

Which of the following individuals helped us to understand how our ideas of childhood are culture bound, that cultural and socialization practices shaped children’s experiences, and that children’s roles in societies differ worldwide?

A. Packer and Cole

B. Super and Harkness

C. Jordan and Davis-Floyd

D. Lancy

In this process, children come to know and internalize cultural values, attitudes, and beliefs often times through direct instruction. It is:

A. acculturation

B. socialization

C. enculturation

D. assimilation

In this learning process, children utilize observation and imitation without direct or formal instruction to internalize cultural meaning. It is:

A. acculturation

B. socialization

C. enculturation

D. assimilation

One difference between socialization and enculturation is:

A. socialization focuses upon cultural meaning

B. enculturation focuses upon explicit rules of behavior

C. socialization focuses upon explicit rules of behavior

D. both socialization and enculturation focus upon explicit rules of behavior

In which of the following processes, do children acquire gender knowledge and the gender roles of their particular cultural community?

A. gender roles

B. gender stereotyping

C. gender identity

D. gender typing

Which of the following IS NOT trueabout the street children of Haiti?

A. violence is a part of street children’s daily interactions

B. children are boat violent aggressors and victims of violence

C. children construct meaning about their experiences through street life

D. Street children have not internalized the cultural importance of a work ethic

Which of the following is one of the most comprehensive cross-cultural studies on children’s development?

A. The New York Longitudinal Study

B. The Street Children of Haiti

C. The Six Culture Study on Socialization

D. The Developmental Niche

Which of the following IS NOT one of the accomplishments of the Six Culture Study on Socialization?

A. it was a comprehensive cross-cultural study on children’s development

B. it explored the connection between social structure and child rearing practices on children’s personality development

C. it was one of the first attempts to unpack cultural factors that shape gender differences

D. it used participant samples from only one continent

The ability to classify oneself with a gender label relates to which of the following terms?

A. gender roles

B. gender socialization

C. gender identity

D. gender typing

In forming his ideas about gender, a child includes information about appropriate duties for boys by watching his father. This is an example of:

A. gender roles

B. gender schema

C. gender identity

D. gender typing

Children learn about gender through the chores their parents assigned to them. This highlights which of the following processes?

A. identification

B. gender socialization

C. gender typing

D. enculturation

Which of the following statements regards what we learned from the six culture study on socialization?

A. there is no connection between cultural setting and children’s gender learning

B. children primarily learn about gender at home observing and interacting with adult role models

C. boys spent more time close to home particularly with their mothers

D. in communities where parents teased their children, the children were more docile

Which of the following IS NOT regarding the Canadian Inuit?

A. the community experience cultural change due to new social and economic pressures

B. parents serve as cultural models for gender role expectations

C. boys have no cultural model for gender roles due to a changing economy which displaces men

D. girls have no cultural model for gender roles due to a changing economy which displaces women

Kevin is acquiring knowledge about how to treat others with respect to fairness, justice, welfare, and harm including how to reason or make judgments regarding what is right and wrong. This connects to which of the following processes?

A. gender socialization

B. moral development

C. emotional development

D. enculturation

Which of the following IS TRUE regarding Kohlberg’s position on moral development?

A. the stages of development shape our understanding of right and wrong

B. children across cultures passed through the stages in different orders

C. the last level of moral development is culture specific

D. all cultures achieve the same level of moral development

Michaela makes moral decisions based upon a universal sense of ethics and principles. Her decisions connect to justice, fairness and individual rights. According to Kohlberg, she is in which stage of moral development?

A. preconventional

B. conventional

C. postconventional

D. autonomous

Which of the following researchers was the first to challenge Kohlberg’s theory on the grounds that it may not be applicable in all cultural settings?

A. Shweder

B. Snarey

C. Piaget

D. Cole

In Miller’s moral hypothetical dilemma involving stealing:

A. all Indian participants believed stealing a train ticket was not acceptable behavior

B. all Indian participants believe stealing a train ticket was acceptable behavior

C. all American participants believed stealing a train ticket was acceptable behavior

D. worldviews, religious beliefs and moral values and norms do not connect to the moral judgments people make

Which of the following theorists introduced the Big Three to study morality across cultures?

A. Snarey

B. Kohlberg

C. Shweder

D. Piaget

Which of the following IS NOT one of the big three ethical principles Shweder introduced to study morality across cultures?

A. autonomy

B. community

C. divinity

D. commitment

Which Western formative period of development applies to the period between childhood and adulthood?

A. infancy

B. emerging adulthood

C. adolescence

D. middle childhood

Who was the first researcher to challenge G. Stanley Hall’s view of adolescence as a period of storm and stress?

A. Barbara Rogoff

B. David Lancy

C. Patricia Greenfield

D. Margaret Mead

Which of the following IS NOT a factor related to conflict between parents and teens?

A. pubertal changes

B. issues over authority

C. issues over decision-making power

D. cultural practices that reinforce interdependency

Marianna is an 11-year-old who watches out for her siblings when her caregivers are not able. Marianas responsibilities connect to which of the following terms?

A. developmental norms

B. socialization

C. enculturation

D. sib-care

Which of the following is a central concept generally related to adolescent development in Morocco?

A. the ability to reason and exhibit self-restraint

B. body image

C. psychological change

D. romantic relationships

Worldwide teenage cultural ideals regarding attractiveness and beauty are being shaped by all of the following EXCEPT:

A. social media use

B. Internet access

C. globalization and modernization

D. dietary constraints

Female genital surgery may take place in the ceremony that marks a change in social status for young girls. These ceremonies are examples of:

A. rites of passage

B. pubertal changes

C. the quinceańera

D. male circumcision

Which of the following describes a group of native Hawaiians who are socializing and gossiping?

A. rite of passage

B. talking story

C. talking circle

D. sib-care

In the Cameroon, boys are expected to help with cattle while girls assist with sib-care and domestic activities. These responsibilities relate to:

A. pubertal changes

B. cultural practices

C. work skills

D. cultural tools

In Western thinking, the formative period between adolescence and adulthood is:

A. early adulthood

B. emerging adulthood

C. adolescence

D. middle childhood

Which of the following IS NOT a characteristic associated with emerging adulthood?

A. feeling in between

B. focus on the self

C. instability

D. pubertal changes

When emerging adults try to find their place in the world through love, work, and relationships, this highlights which of the following characteristics of emerging adulthood?
A. feeling in between

B. focus on the self

C. instability

D. identity exploration

For many Western emerging adults casual sexual activity is a norm. This behavior highlights which of the following characteristics of emerging adulthood?

A. feeling in between

B. focus on the self

C. instability

D. identity exploration

Many emerging adults are particularly hopeful regarding their life course. This view highlights which of the following characteristics of emerging adulthood?

A. possibility

B. focus on the self

C. instability

D. identity exploration

Graying hair, loss of bone density, and cognitive decline are all signs of:
A. emerging adulthood

B. early adulthood

C. aging

D. middle adulthood

Among the Ju/’hoansi of Botswana aging comes with certain privileges and a change in social status. What cultural scripts allows the elders a sanctioned way to express their needs?

A. teasing

B. complaining

C. being a burden to the community

D. joking

Worldwide individuals will experience decreasing cognitive decline, confusion, and carrying out simple daily tasks. This relates to which of the following?

A. Alzheimer’s disease

B. amnesia

C. hormonal changes

D. loss of bone density

Which of the following statements is true about the mother infant bond quizlet?

Which of the following statements is true regarding a mother-infant bond? The mother-infant bond involves the need for closeness in addition to feeding.

What is a characteristic of reciprocal socialization?

Reciprocal socialization "is a socialization process that is bidirectional; children socialize parents just as parents socialize children". For example, the interaction of mothers and their infants is sometimes symbolized as a dance or dialogue in which following actions of the partners are closely coordinated.

Which of the following is the best description of scaffolding quizlet?

Which of the following is the BEST description of scaffolding? Parents time interactions in such a way that the infant experiences turn-taking with the parents.

Which of the following statements about infants and REM sleep is true?

Which of the following statements about infants and REM sleep is TRUE? When infants are 3 months old, the amount of time they spend in REM sleep begins to increase. Most infants spend about 70 percent of their sleeping time in REM sleep. REM sleep might promote the brain's development in infancy.