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Terms in this set (424)________ occurs when a voter must be registered with a party prior to voting in that party's election. A closed primary Early presidential primaries and caucuses are more important because they can help a candidate secure media attention and financial support. A runoff election is likely to occur when NOT turnout in the election is very low. Smaller and weaker parties are most likely to have electoral success under which system of elections? the proportional representation system The majority of political action committees represent ________. business and professional groups When did national conventions begin in American politics? 1830s Generally speaking, a recall effort begins with a ________. petition campaign When candidates for office sponsor hearings, undertake inspection tours of disaster areas, or meet with foreign dignitaries, the form of publicity they receive is called ________. free media Primary elections were introduced by reformers who hoped to weaken the power of party leaders. When membership in an organization allows for a reduction in the price of museum tickets, it is called a ________. material benefit Which group is best adapted to organizing the lower classes? a political party ________ once wrote that "America was a nation of joiners." Alexis de Tocqueville What is the primary variable for predicting the likelihood of joining an interest group? having a higher income and education What distinguishes lobbying from other strategies of influence? Lobbyists try to exert pressure directly on government officials themselves. Which of the following groups was NOT established through the New Politics movement? the National Association of Manufacturers What is the most important attempt to limit the influence of lobbyists in recent years? the 1995 Lobbying Disclosure Act Which of the following is NOT a key organizational component of interest groups? newsletter and website The practice of lobbying is protected by ________. the First Amendment Which of the following has been eliminated as a result of 2002 campaign finance reforms? soft money The Budget Control Act of 2011 purported to reduce the deficit by $1 trillion over 10 years. Which of the following statements best characterizes the percentage of the federal budget that is spent on mandatory programs? Spending on mandatory programs has grown dramatically since 1970. The National Labor Relations Act was designed to oversee union elections and collective bargaining between labor and industry. Which of the following was a driving force for economic growth during the late nineteenth century? manufacturing industries Those who believe in the theory of ________ maintain that the government's role in regulating the economy should be focused on lowering taxes and creating incentives for a more productive and efficient use of resources. NOT Keynesianism supply side economics ???? Which of the following statements about the relationship between government and capitalism is FALSE? NOT Government rule making means that people no longer need to rely on personal trust when conducting business. The Securities and Exchange Commission was established after the stock market crash of 1929. ________ occurs when the price level of goods and services increases over several months. Inflation The minimum wage was first enacted in ________. 1938 The "feminization of poverty" is NOT based on the reality that women are more likely to be poor than men. Which of the following statements about noncontributory programs is FALSE? The existence of these programs dates back to the Civil War. The first federal government assistance in education came in 1785, when the federal government set aside land for public schools. What was the main fear concerning the consequences of outdoor relief? It perpetuated poverty. The goals of American social policy are often controversial. Which of the following is a program of forced savings? Medicare Social Security is a good example of ________. a contributory program Which of the following groups are more than twice as likely as other Americans to be below the poverty line? single mothers What was "outdoor relief" distributed by private charities? money The North American Free Trade Agreement is a(n) trade treaty between Mexico, Canada, and the United States designed to lower and eliminate tariffs. The International Monetary Fund NOT was set up to provide for long-term money flow to developing countries. NOT is limited in its ability to loan money to developing countries. Since World War II, ________ has brought together a wide range of nations for regular negotiations designed to reduce barriers to trade. GATT In foreign policy, the Bush Doctrine refers to preemptive war. The policy of striking a nation that you fear might be contemplating hostile actions is called ________. prevention The nineteenth-century policy of ________ was based on the geographic distance of the United States from other countries. isolationism Which war was officially declared by Congress? the War of 1812 Which of the following is the most important actor in the foreign policy establishment? the president Which of the following is NOT descriptive of the United Nations? The United States never contributes to the United Nations' peacekeeping efforts. The United States has a three party system. False Do you have to be a legal citizen of the United States to vote in this country? True An interest group is an association of individuals who share a common interest and formally organize to promote certain outcomes in the political process Political socialization is the process by which political attitudes and opinions are transmitted to younger members of society In contemporary politics, local election campaigns tend to be ________, while statewide elections tend to be ________. organizationally driven and labor intensive; media driven and capital intensive The principle of "one person, one vote" was established by the Supreme Court in the ________. 1960s Which of the following states was considered a toss-up in the 2012 presidential election? Florida Partisan loyalty is likely to be highest in the election of ________. a state legislator
The themes, issues, and messages that candidates present during a campaign are generally based on polls and focus groups. During midterm elections, voters are selecting ________. members of Congress Private groups that raise and distribute funds for election campaigns are called ________. political action committees The boundaries of legislative districts in the United States are to be redrawn every ________ years. 10 ________ occurs when state legislators concentrate the members of one party in as few districts as possible in order to ensure that their opponents will elect as few representatives as possible. Packing Which of the following is NOT an economic group? NOT Dow Chemical A grassroots lobbying campaign occurs when an interest group mobilizes its members and their families throughout the country to write their representatives in support of the group's position. The major organizational factors shared by most interest groups are NOT very close links with the national news media, direct ties to a member of Congress, a headquarters in Washington, D.C., and members. What happened in the late nineteenth century? NOT The Civil War ended. It is difficult for political scientists to categorize unrepresented interests because there are no organizations that can present their identities and demands. Another name for lobbying is ________. petitioning Parties with a direct interest in a regulatory rule or decision are often called ________. stakeholders
Which of the following issues is NOT part of the agenda of the New Politics movement? industrial deregulation ________ is a strategy that attempts to mobilize the widest and most favorable climate of opinion. Going public By 2012, there were approximately ________ PACs in the United States. 5,500 Which of the following statements is true? The people do not support cutting specific government programs. The people believe that government is too wasteful. Republicans supported adding a prescription drug benefit to Medicare in 2003. Neither Republicans nor Democrats wish to cut expensive, popular entitlement programs. all of the above$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Which of the following is the best description of the changing expectations of government's role in the economy since the 1930s? People hold government officials responsible for a healthy economy. From the perspective of members of Congress, what was the principal cause of the economic recession of 2008? NOT not enough government spending on social welfare programs President ________ rejected the theory of Keynesian economics. Ronald Reagan The power to raise or lower the tax rate is part of ________. fiscal policy The recession of 2008 led to the loss of ________ million American jobs. NOT 5 NOT 1 In order to have reliable information about the costs and impact of economic policies, Congress created the ________. Congressional Budget Office The goal of the Works Progress Administration was to put unemployed people to work on public projects. Which of the following was NOT a major form of economic promotion by the federal government in the nineteenth century? public works projects Which program was designed to help augment the benefits to the aged, blind, and disabled? Supplemental Security Income Which of the following is the strongest factor in predicting which groups in society receive the most benefits from government's social policies? groups that are the most politically powerful Charter schools are best described as public schools that are free to design special curricula. How does an entitlement differ from a right? Unlike an entitlement, a right cannot be taken away by an act of Congress. The idea that all people should have the freedom to use whatever talents and wealth they have to achieve their goals is called ________. equality of opportunity The central thrust of federal housing policy has been to promote home ownership. What do public-opinion polls reveal about welfare policies? Americans view welfare beneficiaries as "undeserving." Which of the following groups receives the most benefits from government's social policies? the middle class The periodic adjustment of benefits or wages that takes into account the increased cost of living is called ________. indexing The most important task of the Senate in foreign policy is reviewing and approving treaties. Some developing countries have accused the United States of hypocrisy because they believe the United States NOT pursues a policy of isolationism while also asking other countries to pursue a policy of appeasement. In a crisis, which of the following has the greatest foreign policy influence? the president Dispute arbitration occurs when an international disagreement is referred to a neutral third party for resolution. Which of the following statements about who really makes American foreign policy is FALSE? The influence or power of the president varies depending on the particular country or group of countries in question. The representation of a government to other foreign governments is called ________. diplomacy Why did the United States fight wars in Korea and Vietnam? Policy makers believed that if we did not fight, it would embolden the communists. The main effort to change the Foreign Service into a fully professional diplomatic corps was the passage of the ________. Foreign Service Act of 1946 ________ warned Americans against too much involvement with foreign nations. George Washington The Federalist and Anti-Federalist were the first two political parties. False When are national elections held in the United States? Is it the first Tuesday (after the first Monday) in November every other year In the United States, the responsibility for voter registration rests with the state in which the person lives The Supreme Court has ruled that campaign spending is a form of free speech A ________ is an effort by political candidates and their staffs to win backing and support by voters in the quest for political office. campaign Before the post-World War II era, dark-horse candidates were most likely to arise at a national convention when deadlocks between major factions developed. The ________ is the last example of indirect voting in national elections. electoral college Most European nations utilize a ________. system of proportional representation Which of the following statements is true? Federal law since 2002 requires that all states use the same type of voting equipment. The Supreme Court justices have mandated that all voting machines provide a paper ballot. Voting equipment varies from county to county throughout the United States. Since 2000, all voting equipment has been required to use a butterfly ballot. NOT The Supreme Court has ruled that elections using electronic voting machines are unconstitutional. Which three types of factors influence the decisions of voters at the polls? partisan loyalty, issues, and the characteristics of candidates While traditional party conventions were ________, contemporary party conventions are ________. deliberative assemblies to determine nominations; simple ratifications of nominations that have already been determined When do incumbents have difficulty securing supporters and contributors? when they have experienced negative publicity The Supreme Court justices ruled that the government could not restrict independent expenditures by corporations or unions to political campaigns in ________. Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010) Which of the following groups is most likely to belong to the New Politics movement? upper-middle-class professionals, for whom the civil rights and antiwar movements of the 1960s were key experiences In the lobbying world, to be "Microsofted" means that a company has become vulnerable to adverse legislation and investigation as a result of failing to lobby the federal government. Which of the following has Congress NOT done in recent years in order to limit the influence of interest groups? outlawed
all contact between lobbyists and members of Congress during legislative sessions One way that AARP has been effective at overcoming the free-rider problem is by providing ________ benefits to its members. selective Lobbyists have substantial influence in setting the political agenda. help to craft specific legislation. build coalitions around specific policy issues. build coalitions in Washington, D.C., in particular. all of the above When a coalition of credit card companies form an interest group called the Partnership to Protect Consumer Credit, this indicates that private interests are hiding behind the ideals of public interests. Interest groups are concerned with the ________ of government, while political parties are concerned with the ________ of government. policies; personnel A benefit that is sought by an interest group and that once achieved cannot be denied to nonmembers is called a ________. collective good ________ occurs when interest groups generate phony letters and phone calls in order to resemble a grassroots movement. Astroturf lobbying A ________ exists when paid staff conduct most of the daily business of a group. staff organization Vehicle safety is one of the chief responsibilities of the Department of ________. Transportation Setting emissions standards for each industry, while allowing companies to trade "carbon credits," is an approach to environmental policy known as ________. cap and trade The Interstate Commerce Act and the Sherman Antitrust Act are examples of the federal government's attempt to regulate large businesses that establish monopolies. A ________ is an incentive in the tax code for individuals and corporations to invest their money in ways that government officials desire in exchange for a reduction in tax liabilities. loophole The ________ is determined by the amount by which government spending exceeds government revenue in a fiscal year. budget deficit ________ are given to states and local governments on the condition that all expenditures are limited to the problem or group specified by law. Categorical grants ________ are government grants of cash or other valuable commodities, such as land, that are used to promote activities desired by government leaders. Subsidies Why have politicians always favored using subsidies to promote certain economic activities? They can be treated as benefits that can be widely spread in response to many demands. Approximately ________ percent of the federal budget is in the mandatory spending category. 65 What is the most significant force determining the distribution of opportunities in the United States? education What was the primary problem with private charities before the development of the welfare state? They would make subjective decisions on who was deserving of aid. What event brought federal attention to elementary school education? the fear that the Soviets were winning the Cold War through better technology Between 1959 and 2012, the percentage of elderly Americans living in poverty went from about ________ percent to ________ percent. 35; 10 What was the result of the efforts to reform health care in the United States in 1994? Health care reform met resistance and no bill was passed by Congress. The G.I. Bill of Rights of 1944 and the National Defense Education Act of 1958 were examples of the federal government's approach to education policy during the 1940s and 1950s. What is the shadow welfare state? social benefits that are distributed by private employers who are being subsidized by the government How did deregulation of the mortgage industry in 1999 help produce the housing crisis of 2007 and 2008? It allowed many new mortgage companies to form, offering "predatory" loans that people could not afford to repay. Which of the following is the best example of the shadow welfare state? workplace medical insurance For the first 150 years of American history, Congress's role in foreign policy was limited because the United States' role in world affairs was very limited. What is the main job of the director of national intelligence? to collate and coordinate intelligence coming in from multiple sources and to report this information to the president Protests against the World Trade Organization in recent years were prompted by the perception that the WTO was not paying enough attention to developing countries. Most American presidents have been domestic politicians who set out to
make their places in history through achievements in domestic policy. The three main goals of American foreign policy are ________. security, prosperity, and the creation of a better world The United States withdrew from the Kyoto Protocol because it would be too harmful to American national economic interests. Which of the following describes the realist view of foreign policy? Foreign policies should be guided by the national interest, even if, from the outside, the leaders of the nation appear cold and ruthless. Which interest group in the United States is more likely to depend on demonstrations and other nontraditional strategies of influence? environmental groups A policy of deterrence is likely to fail against terrorist groups because terrorist groups are nonstate actors who may believe that their lack of a fixed geographic location prevents their targets from retaliating militarily. What is the legal voting age in this country? 18 ________ was NOT a Republican candidate for president in 2012. NOT Newt Gingrich During the earliest years of the United States, who nominated the candidates for president? Nominations were controlled by each party's congressional caucus. Party activists who are elected to vote at a party's national convention are called ________. delegates A major factor in John Kennedy's 1960 presidential victory over Richard Nixon was that Kennedy had a much stronger performance than Nixon during televised debates. Which of the following statements is most accurate? When voters are satisfied with their economic prospects, they tend to vote for the party in power. When American voters support only one party's candidates, they are said to be voting a ________ ticket. straight A(n) ________ does NOT coincide with a presidential election. midterm election Barack Obama won ________ electoral votes in 2012. 332 The practice of ________ means that district boundaries have been purposefully drawn to unfairly advantage one group or party. gerrymandering Successful interest groups quickly become ________. bureaucratized Why is it important for interest groups to offer selective benefits? It is necessary to limit the extent of the free-rider problem. When a group is called a membership association, it means that members play an important role in the daily activities of the group. The increased number and importance of interest groups is a response to an increase in the size and activity of government. Grandparents, tall people, and undergraduates are all examples of ________. potential interest groups ________ was an important Washington lobbyist who was indicted in 2005 on charges of violating federal lobbying laws. Jack Abramoff Lobbying is an attempt by an individual or group to influence the passage of legislation by exerting direct pressure on members of Congress or a state legislature. Public interest groups differ from other types of interest groups in that they claim to serve the common good, not just their own particular interests. Interest groups are permitted to spend as much money as they want on issue advocacy during a campaign season, as long as they do not coordinate their efforts with a candidate's own campaign organization. How can interest groups use litigation as a strategy of influence? filing amicus curiae briefs, financing lawsuits, and bringing a suit on behalf of the group The tax reform laws of 1981 and 1986 were significant because they significantly reduced the progressiveness of the federal income tax. According to many analysts, the spurt of economic growth in 2003 illustrates that some kinds of public investment, such as military spending on wars, can produce economic growth as a by-product of pursuing other more central objectives. Which of the following is the best example of a public good? the interstate highway system ________ contended with double-digit inflation when he was president. Jimmy Carter During the 1960s, Ralph Nader was influential as a(n) ________. consumer advocate Which of the following is NOT an approach devised by policy makers to address climate change? fracking to make oil extraction more profitable Which of the following is NOT one of the concerns politicians have to consider when attempting to pass regulations that seek to protect the environment? Public opinion overwhelmingly favors economic interests over the environment. Sales taxes are ________, and most income taxes are ________. regressive; progressive The best way for Federal Reserve Board officials to help boost a stagnant economy is to lower interest rates so that banks can provide more loans at cheaper rates to individuals and businesses. Which of the following programs most benefits the working poor? earned income tax credits In 2007 and 2008, the government faced a housing crisis caused by NOT sharp rises in house prices. The main change in welfare policies since 1996 is ________. NOT increased use of direct cash assistance Which of the following LEAST explains why the elderly receive a large share of social benefits? Most members of Congress are themselves elderly or soon will be. Which of the following is NOT an identifiable problem with Social Security? The political consensus supporting a federal retirement program is crumbling. Which of the following is an in-kind benefit? Medicaid Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? Men are more likely to be poor than women. Which of the following statements about the No Child Left Behind Act is FALSE? It creates a standard national test for all students. Medicare was established in ________. 1965 Which of the following nations does NOT have a permanent seat on the UN Security Council? Germany A ________ nation is one with unstable leadership, whose policies are driven by ideology rather than by economic or human costs and benefits. rogue An agreement between the president and another country that has the force of a treaty but does not require the Senate's "advice and consent" is called an ________. executive agreement The traditional American distrust of diplomacy has resulted in which situation? Presidents often use military or political leaders outside the State Department during a crisis. Allies of the United States paid for ________ percent of the cost of the Persian Gulf War. 90 Larger economic interest groups are less successful in influencing foreign policy than narrower groups because larger groups find it difficult to maintain tight enough control of their many members to speak with a single voice. Which of the following statements is true? The United States has a trade deficit with the rest of the world. The old adage "politics stops at the water's edge" means that all Americans will suffer if we fail to work together to protect our nation's political, economic, and security interests in the wider world. When did the Cold War begin? in the 1940s, soon after World War II The ________ is the most common electoral system used in general elections in the United States. plurality system Which of the following statements is FALSE? Most voters in America use paper ballots. Which of the following statements about campaign spending in Senate elections is true? Incumbents generally spend more money than challengers in Senate campaigns. When states vie for influence by holding their nominating processes earlier, it is called ________. front-loading If a citizen votes for a Republican for president and a Democrat for senator, he or she has engaged in ________. split-ticket voting If Barack Obama won the plurality of votes in California during the 2012 election, and California had 53 representatives in the House of Representatives, how many electoral votes from California did Obama win? NOT 53 Which of the following statements concerning the public funding of presidential campaigns is INCORRECT? Federal law requires the presidential candidates from the major parties to use public funding during the general election. Modern political campaigns do NOT depend on ________. a large army of volunteers from the party What is a referendum? It is the practice of voting directly for proposed laws. Which of the following statements is true? Spending in U.S. elections is much higher than in any other country on earth. Officials representing super PACs will likely spend more in 2016 than in 2012. both a and b Which of the following is NOT a job regularly performed by lobbyists? nominating a candidate to run for political office The National Governor's Association is a good example of a ________. public-sector interest group Which of the following statements about political parties and interest groups is most accurate? Political parties have declined in influence in recent years while interest groups have become more numerous, active, and influential. Which of the following is a main theoretical assumption of pluralism? Competition among interests will produce balance with all interests regulating each other. Individuals and organizations can give an unlimited amount to ________. super PACs Most initiative campaigns today are sponsored by interest groups seeking to circumvent legislative opposition to their goals. The New Politics movement gave rise to ________ groups. public interest ________ occurs when interest groups take out advertisements and hold marches. Mobilizing public opinion Organized interest groups enhance American democracy by representing the interests of large numbers of people and encouraging political participation. Something that must be supplied by the government because it cannot be provided by the marketplace is called ________. a public good Which of the following are the three basic prerequisites for economic growth? public
investment, innovation, and a productive workforce What event marked the major historical turning point in the relationship between the government and the marketplace? the Great Depression Which of the following is NOT a power of the Federal Reserve Board? the power to enforce the federal government's antitrust
policies ________ once said "Now I am a Keynesian." Richard Nixon Which of the following is NOT a method used by government officials to promote business development? regulations Why do many businesses prefer Congress to regulate the economy? One national regulation is better than the inconsistencies and disparities of different state laws. ________ were the centerpiece of George W. Bush's economic policy. Tax cuts The index of the total output of goods and services produced in a national economy is called the ________. gross domestic product There are considerable disparities in benefits from state to state in noncontributory programs because state governments are given grants-in-aid from the federal government to establish and operate their own programs rather than having one, uniform national program. Which of the following was a key part of President Obama's overhaul of No Child Left Behind? a proposal that states could apply for waivers that would exempt them from some of the requirements of No Child Left Behind Which of the following can be concluded from the results of the 1996 welfare reforms? The reforms have reduced the number of people on welfare but have done little to reduce poverty. Which of the following groups receives the least benefits from government's social policies? NOT the wealthy How did the Great Depression change American attitudes about welfare? It revealed that poverty could be caused by a flawed economic system, not just by personal irresponsibility. Which of the following statements about Social Security is FALSE? Contributors receive benefits in strict proportion to their contributions. Which of the following was NOT included in the congressional plans for health care reform? NOT a provision requiring uninsured individuals to purchase health insurance Social case work, in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, was largely concerned with personal counseling and "mental hygiene." Spending on medical programs such as Medicare and Medicaid has proven difficult to control because of the growing number of people eligible and because of rising health care costs. Which of the following goals has traditionally been of lowest priority in U.S. foreign policy? human rights What is the main difference between a maker and a shaper of American foreign policy? Makers are those within government, while shapers are influential groups outside of official government. Which official is NOT a major actor in American foreign policy? secretary of Veterans Affairs The United States withdrew from the 1997 ________. Kyoto Protocol Which of the following does NOT represent an important interest reflected through the actions of foreign policy interest groups? domestic representation of foreign governments The most noteworthy example of the policy of deterrence was the ________. arms race In the sphere of foreign policy, which of the following is NOT a constitutional power possessed by Congress? negotiating treaties on behalf of the United States Which of the following statements about foreign policy is most accurate? The institutional powers of the presidency give presidents an advantage over political forces based in Congress when determining American foreign policy. The United States is not a member of ________. the Warsaw Pact Which states do not distribute electoral votes on a winner-take-all basis? Maine and Nebraska During the course of American history, incumbent presidents running for re-election typically win about ________ percent of the time. 70 A majority system, which is used on a limited basis in the United States, requires that a candidate must win ________ to win an election. 50 percent plus one of all votes cast Why did many members of Congress vote to ban advocacy groups from running ads that mention a candidate's name within 30 days of a primary election and 60 days of a general election? They thought that the ban would make it less likely for wealthy advocacy groups to flood the media with ads and unfairly influence the outcome of elections. A citizen can currently give no more than ________ per candidate for federal office per election in a given two-year election cycle. $2,600 For the presidential primaries, most but not all state parties use what type of election? proportional representation Campaign consultants do all of the following EXCEPT ________. print ballots for the election Before the 1890s, who was responsible for printing election ballots? political parties Approximately ________ is needed for a candidate to have a reasonable chance of winning a seat in the House of Representatives. $500,000 An iron triangle is made up of an alliance between a legislative committee, an interest group, and an executive agency. A full-page, fully paid spread in the New York Times publicizing a major oil company is best described as ________. institutional advertising A PAC can contribute ________ to any candidate for federal office, provided it contributes to at least five different federal candidates each year. $5,000 Why is the Administrative Procedure Act of 1946 important to lobbyists? It requires agencies to create opportunities for public comments before implementing new rules and regulations. James Madison called an interest group a ________. faction Members of interest groups in the United States are typically people with higher levels of income and education. Which of the following is NOT a function of interest groups? to get their members elected to political office AARP has approximately ________ members today. 38,000,000 What is the most important and beneficial resource that lobbyists provide government officials? information What is the primary function of a political action committee (PAC)? NOT to produce and carry out an institutional advertising campaign ________ was most responsible for the creation of the Bank of the United States. Alexander Hamilton Which of the following statements best describes the federal government's role in higher education? The federal government supports higher education through educational grants, tax breaks, and loans. Which of the following does the Small Business Administration provide? disaster assistance ________ taxation occurs when people in lower income brackets pay a larger percentage of their income in taxes. Regressive An officially expressed purpose or goal backed by a sanction is a ________. public policy The ________ insures bank deposits up to $250,000. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Upton Sinclair's 1906 exposé, The Jungle, revealed the NOT control of politicians by corporate interests who run the political machines. Which statement is the key argument of John Maynard Keynes? Government can pull an economy out of a recession by stimulating demand and creating a cycle of increased production and jobs. Before the 1930s, relations between labor and management in the United States were ________. among the most violent in the world Part of the reason welfare programs became so unpopular was that many Americans came to believe that welfare recipients did not want to work. One reason that the Aid to Families with Dependent Children program grew significantly in the 1970s was that court decisions made it more difficult for the government to legally terminate people's benefits for lack of eligibility. A(n) ________ benefit is one where potential recipients must document their genuine need. means-tested ________ is the single largest medical insurance program in the United States. Medicaid Since the welfare reforms of 1996, what is the primary reason for receiving federal cash assistance if one is nonworking and able-bodied? The recipient is caring for children. President ________ vowed "to end welfare as we know it." Bill Clinton About ________ percent of America's children live in poverty. 22 The goals of social policy reflect changing views about which risks should be borne by the individual or shared by society. ________ are programs where the government provides a tax deduction for spending on health insurance and other benefits by both employers and employees. Tax expenditures The policy of deterrence and containment pursued by the United States during the Cold War can be viewed as NOT no different than a policy of isolationism. What was the key to American security during the nineteenth century? geographical isolation Deterrence assumes the ________ of the U.S. response and the ________ of an adversary. certainty; rationality All of the following are elements of a nation-state EXCEPT that it must be a member of the United Nations. Why has Congress become a major foreign policy maker since World War II? Congress is regularly called upon to approve financing of foreign policies. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was formed in ________. 1949 Which of the following is NOT a component of American foreign policy? Social Security The North Atlantic Treaty Organization is an example of ________. a multilateral treaty The fact that the United States remains silent in the face of human rights violations by a number of countries illustrates that promoting human rights is less important to American foreign policy than security concerns and economic interests. ________ glanced at his watch during a presidential debate, which undoubtedly hurt his presidential campaign. George H. W. Bush Politicians attempt to "balance the ticket" with members of many important groups because voters tend to prefer candidates who are closer to themselves in terms of race, ethnicity, religion, gender, geography, and social background. Which of the following is FALSE? All states distribute electoral votes on a winner-take-all basis. By using donor lists or magazine subscription lists, candidates are able to engage in ________. direct-mail solicitations Spot advertisements are useful because they permit a candidate's message to be delivered to a target audience before people can tune out. If the winner of an election is whoever receives the most votes, regardless of the percentage of votes received, the candidates are running under a ________ system. plurality In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, election campaigns tended to be ________. labor intensive Which of the following is the best example of direct democracy in practice in the United States? referendum Money contributed directly to a political party to be used for voter registration or party building is called ________. soft money The Christian Coalition is a(n) ________ group. ideological If one enjoys the benefits of a group's collective efforts but did NOT contribute to those efforts, one is called a ________. free rider Members of the New Politics movement used technology to help them pursue their goals. secured enactment of environmental legislation. secured enactment of consumer rights legislation. secured enactment of occupational health and safety legislation. all of the above The Negotiated Rulemaking Act of 1990 was designed to encourage administrative agencies to negotiate with important interest groups. Since the 1930s, the number and scale of interest groups at the national level has ________. dramatically increased The best description of the ideal of pluralism is that interests should be free to compete with each other for governmental influence. In recent years, the religious right has had a great effect on American politics through ________. grassroots mobilization Which of the following Supreme Court cases illustrates the use of litigation by an interest group? Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989) The free-rider problem occurs because NOT the benefits of a group's actions are broadly available and cannot be denied to nonmembers. A ________ is the best example of an informational benefit provided by many interest groups. newsletter Which of the following is NOT an example of mandatory spending? defense spending When did Keynesian economic ideas lead to a revolution in thinking about the role of the government in the economy? the 1930s Which of the following is NOT a function of the Securities and Exchange Commission? It protects the confidentiality of all sales of stocks and bonds. Which of the following statements is true? Democrats support higher levels of public spending than Republicans. Republicans' support for tax cuts creates a political dilemma for Democrats. Democrats support raising taxes on the wealthy. Republicans believe that government spending is wasteful and puts a drag on the economy. all of the above ________ film, An Inconvenient Truth, attracted broad attention to the issue of climate change in 2006. Al Gore's Which of the following statements is true? Republicans in recent decades have supported tax cuts. A majority of Americans think that taxes are too high. both b and c What is the most important way that government officials affect personal and corporate investments? promoting investor confidence through policies enforcing stability and regard for the law Supply-side economics is the idea that NOT the government's role in the economy should be strictly limited to regulating the supply of money. Adam Smith's theory of ________ maintains that many individual economic transactions come together to create a greater good for all. the invisible hand What was the reason behind Progressive Era welfare for single mothers? Reformers wanted women to stay home with their children rather than go to work. The "individual mandate" of the Affordable Care Act refers to the requirement that uninsured individuals purchase health insurance. Which of the following is NOT a goal of American social policy? closing the gap between rich and poor Which group was one of the first to receive government assistance throughout the United States? mothers with dependent children Which of the following social policies is currently the most costly to the government? Social Security Which of the following statements is NOT a reason why the No Child Left Behind Act has been controversial? The standards were too lenient and almost every school met them easily. The federal government's spending on Aid to Families with Dependent Children fell after the mid-1970s because unlike Social Security, the program was not indexed to inflation. Which of the following statements about noncontributory programs, such as Temporary Assistance to Needy Families and Medicaid, is most accurate? The federal government provides only some of the funding for these programs, and, as a result, citizens receive very different levels of benefits in different states. The welfare reforms of 1996 did all of the following EXCEPT take the federal government out of welfare policy, granting all authority to the states. The first efforts by the United States to create a professional Foreign Service staff started ________. after World War I Currently, the United Nations has ________ member states. 192 What is the chief task of the National Security Council? to coordinate the differences among the executive's key foreign policy makers One of the most controversial areas of trade liberalization is ________. agriculture The foreign policy ideals that Americans have historically espoused assert that our foreign policies should have a higher purpose than the pursuit of our own interests and use force only as a last resort. The UN Security Council has ________ permanent members and ________ elected members. 5; 10 Which of the following statements about the World Trade Organization is INCORRECT? The United States dropped out of the World Trade Organization in 2004 over a disagreement about steel tariffs. Foreign aid is an economic ________; sanctions are an economic ________. carrot; stick Which ethnic group has the reputation of having the greatest influence on American foreign policy? Jewish Americans Which party has reserved slots at the national convention for elected super-delegates? the Democrats Which of the following is a difference between Democratic and Republican primaries? The Democratic Party requires that state presidential primaries allocate delegates on the basis of proportional representation while the Republican Party does not. A(n) ________ is a media format in which candidates meet with ordinary citizens, without the input of journalists or commentators. town hall meeting The primary responsibility for conducting public elections rests with ________. state and local governments In order for a political party to select a candidate to run in the general election, it holds a(n) ________. primary election Which of the following politicians was recalled from office? California governor Gray Davis (2003) ________ occurs when a citizen votes for a candidate because he or she approves of the candidate's past record. Retrospective voting Political scientists call voters' choices that focus on future behavior ________ voting, while those based on past performances are called ________ voting. prospective; retrospective The original gerrymander is attributed to ________. Elbridge Gerry What are political parties more capable of doing than interest groups? organizing people on a mass scale What happens to interests that do not engage in extensive lobbying? They often find themselves "Microsofted." The solidary benefits of interest groups include ________. friendship and consciousness-raising If citizens were motivated to join an environmental organization because they strongly believed in protecting the environment and supported the goals of the group, then we can conclude that they were motivated by ________. purposive benefits Interest groups most effectively serve ________. the upper classes Many interest groups are initially organized because a political entrepreneur with a strong commitment to a particular set of goals believes a group will promote his or her goals and enhance his or her political influence. A loose, informal relationship of public officials, interest groups, and activists who are all concerned with the same policies is called ________. an issue network A criticism of interest group pluralism is its class bias in favor of those with greater financial resources. The Teamsters and the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations are examples of ________. labor groups The free-rider phenomenon is not related to groups in any way because it is an individual-level problem.
Which of the following actions marked a decisive break with the tradition of the federal government promoting compromises between labor and management? When President Ronald Reagan fired striking air traffic controllers and hired permanent replacements to fill their jobs in 1981. During the New Deal, ________ theory that a government could boost employment by stimulating demand became quite influential. John Maynard Keynes's Which of the following was NOT one of the goals of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009? provide for a national health care system What is a key power of the Fed? The power to expand and contract the amount of credit available in the United States. Which of the following statements about the Federal Reserve Board is FALSE? The Federal Reserve Board is part of the Department of the Treasury. During the nineteenth century, the federal government received most of its revenue from ________. tariffs Green technologies may prove to be a boon for the American economy because America's highly skilled labor force provides it with a competitive advantage over many other countries. Congress was granted the power to tax personal income in ________. 1913 Open-market operations describe the method by which the Federal Reserve buys and sells government securities to increase or decrease the supply of money in the economy. A cost-of-living adjustment is based on the rate of inflation. Which of the following statements about government spending is most accurate? NOT The government spends far more on programs for poor children than on programs for the elderly and on unemployment insurance benefits. Medicare is a ________ program; Medicaid is a ________ program. contributory; noncontributory Which of the following is NOT a problem with the current health care system in the United States? NOT Medicaid is under increasing fiscal strain due to rising health care costs. Which of the following statements about American's health care views is most accurate? Although a majority of Americans believe that government should ensure that all people receive adequate health care, there is considerable disagreement about how to deliver such benefits and how to pay for them. Which of the following is an example of nineteenth-century "indoor relief "? the police station When did the American welfare state begin? the 1930s Why is it difficult to lobby for the interests of poor children? Children cannot vote. Social Security was established in ________. 1935 Which of the following is NOT an influential interest group affecting American foreign policy? diplomats from foreign nations ________ is NOT a member of NATO. Mexico The United States spends about one-third of the world's total military expenditures. Which president established prevention as the centerpiece of his foreign policy? George W. Bush The Monroe doctrine refers to the idea that foreign powers should not meddle in the Western Hemisphere. In 2005, which of the following set off a new set of power struggles in Washington, D.C., over control of the intelligence community? the appointment of a national intelligence "czar" What was the Marshall Plan? the economic recovery package of aid from the United States to western Europe after World War II ________ was a dark-horse nominee for president. NOT a. James Polk (1844) b. Warren Harding (1920) POSSIBLY both a and b ????? National elections are held in the United States the first Tuesday of November ________ year(s). every other When does public-opinion polling take place during a campaign? throughout the entire campaign In ________, the Supreme Court justices determined that purposefully drawing districts where the majority of voters were members of a single minority group, in order to ensure minority representation, was unlawful. Shaw v. Reno (1993) Which of the following political officers is/are subject to recall elections? the
governor of the state of California Plurality and majority systems tend to decrease the number of political parties. What is the first step in running for president? forming an exploratory committee Which of the following statements about campaign spending in House elections is true? The amount of money spent by incumbents has increased since 1980 and has grown at a much faster rate than the amount spent by challengers. What did the Supreme Court justices mean by the principle "one person, one vote"? Within a state, electoral districts must have roughly equal populations. Which of the following groups has had the greatest success with a strategy of litigation? the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Alexis de Tocqueville argued that the proliferation of groups promoted ________. governmental responsiveness The fact that interest groups favor the wealthy and well educated can be understood as a reflection of what eternal dilemma in American politics? Liberty is often inconsistent with equality. A way to reduce the disparities in wealth between the rich and poor is called a(n) ________. policy of redistribution The most consistently powerful nongovernment actors in determining economic policy are ________. business organizations Before World War II, ________ of federal revenue was generated from individual income taxes. less than 15 percent Classic laissez-faire theory is based on all of the following EXCEPT that a truly efficient government allows private enterprise to provide all government services. Most of the groundbreaking environmental laws were written in the ________. 1970s The idea that the government can stimulate a slow economy by increasing public spending or cutting taxes is called ________. Keynesianism Which of the following statements about the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 is true? According to the CBO, the act resulted in the creation of 2 million full-time jobs. Which of the following is NOT a benefit to government provided by contracting? Government officials almost always use contracting to award businesses and corporations that donated substantial amounts of money to their political
campaigns. What did the Great Depression and World War II do to the public's expectations regarding employment? They showed that the government could help to ensure full employment. After the election of 2004, President George W. Bush announced that ________ would be the centerpiece of his domestic policy. Social Security reform AARP has a membership of approximately ________ members. 40 million Which of the following was important in caring for the poor during the nineteenth century? churches and religious organizations The idea of ________ was at the heart of George W. Bush's 2005 plan for Social Security reform. private accounts Over the past three decades, the level of federal payroll tax has ________, and the level of federal corporate taxes has ________. risen; fallen The Temporary Assistance to Needy Families program is administered by the states, with benefit levels varying between states. What important noncontributory program was abolished by Congress in 1996? Aid to Families with Dependent Children About ________ percent of the current federal budget is spent on entitlement programs. NOT 20 35 50 POSSIBLY 64 ?????? 78
What was the most significant education policy developed by the federal government in the nineteenth century? the establishment of land-grant colleges Who is the incumbent? the current officeholder, running for re-election Which of the following statements is true? Positive ads are more effective than negative ads. American citizens typically reject negative campaigning. NOT both a and b "King Caucus" refers to the use of each party's congressional caucus to nominate presidential candidates during the early nineteenth century. The right of candidates to spend their own money on running for office is protected absolutely by the First Amendment according to the Supreme Court justices. ... ... The United States has about ________ percent of the world's population and is responsible for ________ percent of its greenhouse gas emissions. 10; 25 Which of the following has NOT been a fundamental goal of the government's involvement in the economy? promoting equality for all citizens Public policy can be embodied in all of the following forms EXCEPT a(n) ________. petition The federal government's role in providing electricity to rural areas is an example of the fact that government often supplies public goods that are too big or risky for private actors to address. ________ policies are designed to eliminate the abuses of powerful ________. Antitrust; monopolies Today, labor unions represent about ________ percent of the labor force. 11 The U.S. Public Health Service was founded in ________. 1798 What was the significance of Goldberg v. Kelly (1970)? It held that public assistance benefits could not be revoked without due process of law. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Sets with similar termsCombo with "Bureaucracy in a Democracy (ch. 14)" a…265 terms tylerjuno Exam 3244 terms Mary_Kolosha Govt 2302 Test 3209 terms slv1111 Government Final200 terms BButtell Sets found in the same folderCh 17: Social Policy28 terms minjyk Govt2305 Exam 3 Review90 terms YoshiSwagger Chapter 1673 terms Madeline_Kelley American Government Chapter 220 terms Victoria_Hall10 Other sets by this creatorChapter 522 terms BROZERIAN Micro Exam 3 (Version B)52 terms BROZERIAN TX GOV Exam IV189 terms BROZERIAN TX Gov Unit III203 terms BROZERIAN Recommended textbook solutionsPolitics in States and Communities15th EditionSusan A. MacManus, Thomas R. Dye 177 solutions American Government1st EditionGlen Krutz 412 solutions American Corrections11th EditionMichael D. Reisig, Todd R. Clear 160 solutions Government in America: Elections and Updates Edition16th EditionGeorge C. Edwards III, Martin P. Wattenberg, Robert L. Lineberry 269 solutions Other Quizlet setsNY REI Test- To Study V.330 terms Coarr213 Stomach107 terms acerva3 What Don't you know: Skin A&P25 terms mak0913 Semester 1, Week 8: Functional Anatomy o…79 terms ramisalah Related questionsQUESTION "Aw shucks, I should have not acted like a dumbo, burglarizing my girlfriend's car. Now I am charged with a misdemeanor A offense."Geez, can you believe the max time in the county jail I might get? 2 answers QUESTION A periodic process of adjusting social benefits or wages to account for increases in the cost of living established in 1972. 4 answers QUESTION The Gramm-Rudman-Hollings and the Budget Enforcement Acts were developed primarily to deal with: 8 answers QUESTION A form of impact assessment in which government agencies must provide details on the environmental consequences of major actions, such as highway construction, and make them public prior to a final decision on the project. 2 answers Which of the following best describes president Reagan's efforts to shrink the government?Which of the following BEST describes President Reagan's efforts to shrink the government? President Reagan's efforts to shrink the government were hindered by a Democratic majority in the House of Representatives.
Which of the following statements best characterizes president Reagan's efforts to shrink the federal government quizlet?3 Which of the following statements BEST characterizes President Reagan's efforts to shrink the federal government? A Democrat-controlled House blocked many of his initiatives.
Which of the following represents one of the effects of the spoils system quizlet?Which of the following represents one of the effects of the spoils system? The federal government increased in size.
What is the primary means by which the president checks the power of the bureaucracy?Most directly, the president controls the bureaucracies by appointing the heads of the fifteen cabinet departments and of many independent executive agencies, such as the CIA, the EPA, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. These cabinet and agency appointments go through the Senate for confirmation.
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Which of the following statements best characterizes efforts to shrink the federal government during the Reagan Revolution quizlet?
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