Which of the following should be taken into account when determining the cost of inventories per IAS2 inventories?

Overview

Accounting requirements relating to inventories are specified in the IAS 2 Inventories standard. It tells us, among others, what the definition of an inventory is and what should and should not be included in the cost of an inventory at initial recognition. According to the standard subsequent measurement shall be at the lower of net realisable value and cost.  

Net realisable value, cost of purchase, cost of conversion, weighted average cost method, FIFO method, standard cost method, so many measurement methods and concepts. This course explains these concepts through practical examples and interim tests to enhance understanding.

About

IAS 2 provides guidance for determining the cost of inventories and the subsequent recognition of the cost as an expense, including any write-down to net realisable value. It also provides guidance on the cost formulas that are used to assign costs to inventories. Inventories are measured at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Net realisable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less the estimated costs of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale.

The cost of inventories includes all costs of purchase, costs of conversion (direct labour and production overhead) and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition. The cost of inventories is assigned by:

• specific identification of cost for items of inventory that are not ordinarily interchangeable; and
• the first-in, first-out or weighted average cost formula for items that are ordinarily interchangeable (generally large quantities of individually insignificant items).

When inventories are sold, the carrying amount of those inventories is recognised as an expense in the period in which the related revenue is recognised. The amount of any write-down of inventories to net realisable value and all losses of inventories are recognised as an expense in the period the write-down or loss occurs.

Standard history

In April 2001 the International Accounting Standards Board (Board) adopted IAS 2 Inventories, which had originally been issued by the International Accounting Standards Committee in December 1993. IAS 2 Inventories replaced IAS 2 Valuation and Presentation of Inventories in the Context of the Historical Cost System (issued in October 1975).

In December 2003 the Board issued a revised IAS 2 as part of its initial agenda of technical projects. The revised IAS 2 also incorporated the guidance contained in a related Interpretation (SIC‑1 Consistency—Different Cost Formulas for Inventories).

Other Standards have made minor consequential amendments to IAS 2. They include IFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement (issued May 2011), IFRS 9 Financial Instruments (Hedge Accounting and amendments to IFRS 9, IFRS 7 and IAS 39) (issued November 2013), IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers (issued May 2014), IFRS 9 Financial Instruments (issued July 2014) and IFRS 16 Leases (issued January 2016).

• IFRIC 20 Stripping Costs in the Production Phase of a Surface Mine
• SIC-1 Consistency - Different Cost Formulas for Inventories. SIC-1 was superseded by and incorporated into IAS 2 (Revised 2003).

The objective of IAS 2 is to prescribe the accounting treatment for inventories. It provides guidance for determining the cost of inventories and for subsequently recognising an expense, including any write-down to net realisable value. It also provides guidance on the cost formulas that are used to assign costs to inventories.

Inventories include assets held for sale in the ordinary course of business (finished goods), assets in the production process for sale in the ordinary course of business (work in process), and materials and supplies that are consumed in production (raw materials). [IAS 2.6]

However, IAS 2 excludes certain inventories from its scope: [IAS 2.2]

• work in process arising under construction contracts (see IAS 11 Construction Contracts)
• financial instruments (see IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement)
• biological assets related to agricultural activity and agricultural produce at the point of harvest (see IAS 41 Agriculture).

Also, while the following are within the scope of the standard, IAS 2 does not apply to the measurement of inventories held by: [IAS 2.3]

• producers of agricultural and forest products, agricultural produce after harvest, and minerals and mineral products, to the extent that they are measured at net realisable value (above or below cost) in accordance with well-established practices in those industries. When such inventories are measured at net realisable value, changes in that value are recognised in profit or loss in the period of the change
• commodity brokers and dealers who measure their inventories at fair value less costs to sell. When such inventories are measured at fair value less costs to sell, changes in fair value less costs to sell are recognised in profit or loss in the period of the change.

Inventories are required to be stated at the lower of cost and net realisable value (NRV). [IAS 2.9]

Cost should include all: [IAS 2.10]

• costs of purchase (including taxes, transport, and handling) net of trade discounts received
• costs of conversion (including fixed and variable manufacturing overheads) and
• other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition

IAS 23 Borrowing Costs identifies some limited circumstances where borrowing costs (interest) can be included in cost of inventories that meet the definition of a qualifying asset. [IAS 2.17 and IAS 23.4]

Inventory cost should not include: [IAS 2.16 and 2.18]

• abnormal waste
• storage costs
• administrative overheads unrelated to production
• selling costs
• foreign exchange differences arising directly on the recent acquisition of inventories invoiced in a foreign currency
• interest cost when inventories are purchased with deferred settlement terms.

The standard cost and retail methods may be used for the measurement of cost, provided that the results approximate actual cost. [IAS 2.21-22]

For inventory items that are not interchangeable, specific costs are attributed to the specific individual items of inventory. [IAS 2.23]

For items that are interchangeable, IAS 2 allows the FIFO or weighted average cost formulas. [IAS 2.25] The LIFO formula, which had been allowed prior to the 2003 revision of IAS 2, is no longer allowed.

The same cost formula should be used for all inventories with similar characteristics as to their nature and use to the entity. For groups of inventories that have different characteristics, different cost formulas may be justified. [IAS 2.25]

NRV is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less the estimated cost of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale. [IAS 2.6] Any write-down to NRV should be recognised as an expense in the period in which the write-down occurs. Any reversal should be recognised in the income statement in the period in which the reversal occurs. [IAS 2.34]

IAS 18 Revenue addresses revenue recognition for the sale of goods. When inventories are sold and revenue is recognised, the carrying amount of those inventories is recognised as an expense (often called cost-of-goods-sold). Any write-down to NRV and any inventory losses are also recognised as an expense when they occur. [IAS 2.34]

Required disclosures: [IAS 2.36]

• accounting policy for inventories
• carrying amount, generally classified as merchandise, supplies, materials, work in progress, and finished goods. The classifications depend on what is appropriate for the entity
• carrying amount of any inventories carried at fair value less costs to sell
• amount of any write-down of inventories recognised as an expense in the period
• amount of any reversal of a write-down to NRV and the circumstances that led to such reversal
• carrying amount of inventories pledged as security for liabilities
• cost of inventories recognised as expense (cost of goods sold).

IAS 2 acknowledges that some enterprises classify income statement expenses by nature (materials, labour, and so on) rather than by function (cost of goods sold, selling expense, and so on). Accordingly, as an alternative to disclosing cost of goods sold expense, IAS 2 allows an entity to disclose operating costs recognised during the period by nature of the cost (raw materials and consumables, labour costs, other operating costs) and the amount of the net change in inventories for the period). [IAS 2.39] This is consistent with IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements, which allows presentation of expenses by function or nature.

Which of the following should be taken into account when determining the cost inventory?

Which of the following shall be included in the cost of inventories?

What should not be taken into account when determining the cost of inventory?

Which of the following costs should be included in valuing inventories of finished goods held by a manufacturing company according to IAS 2 inventories?