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A group of mice was released into a large field to which no other mice had access. Immediately after the release, a representative sample of the mice was captured, and the fur color of each individual in the sample was observed and recorded. The mice were then returned to the field. After twenty years, another representative sample of the
mice was captured, and the fur color of each individual in the sample was again recorded. Which of the following best explains the change in the frequency distribution of fur color phenotypes in the mouse population, as shown in the figures above? 2 Ellis-van Creveld syndrome is a recessive genetic disorder that includes the characteristics of short stature and extra fingers or toes. In the general population, this syndrome occurs in approximately 1 in 150,000 live births. In a particular isolated population, however, the incidence of this syndrome among live births is 1 in 500. Assume that both the isolated population and the general population are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium with respect to this syndrome. Which of the following best describes the difference between the frequency of the allele that causes the syndrome in the general population and the frequency of the allele in the isolated population? A. The frequency of the Ellis-van Creveld allele is 0.002 in
the isolated population and 0.0000066 in the general population,which suggests that selection for this trait is occurring in both populations. 3 The
higher the proportion of loci that are "fixed" in a population, the lower is that population's 4 Which statement about variation is true? 5 When we say that an individual organism has a greater fitness than another individual, we specifically mean that the organism A. lives longer than others of its species B. competes for resources more successfully than others of its species C. mates more frequently than others of its species D. utilizes resources more efficiently than other species occupying similar niches E. leaves more viable offspring than others of its species 6 In a hypothetical population of beetles, there is a wide variety of color, matching the range of coloration of the tree trunks on which the beetles hide from predators. The graphs below illustrate four possible changes to the beetle population as a result of a change in the environment due to pollution that darkened the tree trunks. Which of the following includes the most likely change in the coloration of the beetle population after pollution and a correct rationale for the change? (A) The coloration range shifted toward more light-colored beetles, as in diagram I. The pollution helped the predators find the darkened tree trunks. (B) The coloration in the population split into two extremes, as in diagram II. Both the lighter-colored and the darker-colored beetles were able to hide on the darker tree trunks. (C) The coloration range became narrower, as in diagram III. The predators selected beetles at the color extremes. (D) The coloration in the population shifted toward more darker-colored beetles, as in diagram IV. The lightercolored beetles were found more easily by the predators than were the darker-colored beetles. 7 A moth's color is controlled by two alleles, G and g, at a single locus. G (gray) is dominant to g (white). A large population of moths was studied, and the frequency of the G allele in the population over time was documented, as shown in the figure below. In 1980, a random sample of 2,000 pupae was collected and moths were allowed to emerge. During which of the following time periods could the population have been in Harvey Weinburg equilibrium for the G locus? I. 1960-1964 II. 1965-1972 III. 1973-1980 a. I only B. II only C. III only D. I and III only E. I, II, and III 8 A moth's color is controlled by two alleles, G and g, at a single locus. G (gray) is dominant to g (white). A large population of moths was studied, and the frequency of the G allele in the population over time was documented, as shown in the figure below. In 1980, a random sample of 2,000 pupae was collected and moths were allowed to emerge. Assuming that the population was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for the G locus, what percentage of moths in the natural population was white in 1962? a. 2% B. 4% C. 8% d. 20% e. 64% 9 A moth's color is controlled by two alleles, G and g, at a single locus. G (gray) is dominant to g (white). A large population of moths was studied, and the frequency of the G allele in the population over time was documented, as shown in the figure below. In 1980, a random sample of 2,000 pupae was collected and moths were allowed to emerge. Assuming that the population was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for the G locus, what percentage of the gray moths that emerged in 1980 was heterozygous? a. 0.33 b, 0.5 c. 0.6 d. 0.75 e. 1.0 10 A moth's color is controlled by two alleles, G and g, at a single locus. G (gray) is dominant to g (white). A large population of moths was studied, and the frequency of the G allele in the population over time was documented, as shown in the figure below. In 1980, a random sample of 2,000 pupae was collected and moths were allowed to emerge. Which of the following is the most likely reason for the observed differences in the frequency of the G allele between 1965 and 1972? a. emigration of white moths from the population b. chance c. selection against gray phenotypes d. speciation e. mutation 11 In a certain group of rabbits, the presence of yellow fur is the result of a homozygous recessive condition in the
biochemical pathway producing hair pigment. If the frequency of the allele for this condition is 0.1, which of the following is closest to the frequency of the dominant allele in this population? (Assume that the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.) 12 In parts of Africa where Malaria is prevalent, individuals who are heterozygous for sickle cell disease are at an advantage. This, as well as other examples of
heterozygote advantage, should be most closely linked to which of the following? 13 The wing of a bat, the flipper of a whale, and the forelimb of a horse appear very different, yet detailed studies reveal the presence of the same basic bone pattern. These structures are examples ofA. Analogous structures. 14 Although the seal and the penguin both have streamlined, fishlike bodies with a layer of insulating fat, they are not closely related. This similarity results from 15 which of the following is probably the best explanation for the fact that Antarctic penguins cant fly,
although there is evidence that millions of years ago their ancestors could do so? 16 The external similarity of dolphins to sharks is an example of 17 The FtsZ protein is present in prokaryotes and in 18 Many species of animals are indigenous to caves. Which of the following structures would be MOST likely to have become vestigial in these organisms? a. eyes b. ears c. teeth d. legs e. tail 19 Which of the following is the unit of evolution? In other words, which of the following can evolve in the Darwinian sense a. gene b. chromosome c. individual d. population e. species 20 The Darwinian fitness of an individual is measured most directly by ? a. the number of mates it attracts. b. the number of "good genes" it possesses. c. the number of its offspring that survive to reproduce. d. its physical strength. e. how long it lives 21 A biologist spent many years researching the rate of evolutionary change in the finch populations of a group of islands. It was determined that the average beak size (both length and mass) of finches in a certain population increased dramatically during an intense drought between 1981 and 1987. During the drought, there was a reduction in the number of plants producing thin-walled seeds. Which of the following procedures was most likely followed to determine the change in beak size? 22 A biologist spent many years researching the rate of evolutionary change in the finch populations of a group of islands. It was determined that the average beak size (both length and mass) of finches in a certain population increased dramatically during an intense drought between 1981 and 1987. During the drought, there was a reduction in the number of plants producing thin-walled seeds. Which of the following statements might best explain the increase in average beak size in the finch population during the drought? 23 A biologist spent many years researching the rate of evolutionary change in the finch populations of a group of islands. It was determined that the average beak size (both length and mass) of finches in a certain population increased dramatically during an intense drought between 1981 and 1987. During the drought, there was a reduction in the number of plants producing thin-walled seeds. Which of the following best describes the mechanism behind the change in beak size in the finch population? 24 A biologist spent many years researching the rate of evolutionary change in the finch populations of a group of islands. It was determined that the average beak size (both length and mass) of finches in a certain population increased dramatically during an intense drought between 1981 and 1987. During the drought, there was a reduction in the number of plants producing thin-walled seeds. The biologist discovered that from 1988 to 1993,
the average beak size declined to pre-1981 levels. The reversal in beak size from 1988 to 1993 was most likely related to which of the following events? 25 A. random selection 26 A. random selection 27 A. random selection 28 A. random selection 29 A. random selection 30 A.
random selection 31 A. random selection
32 The allele that causes phenylketonuria (PKU) is harmful, except when an infant's diet lacks the amino acid, phenylalanine. What maintains the presence of this harmful allele in a population's gene pool? 33 A change in the frequencies of alleles in the gene pool of a small population arising from chance events is called a. gene flow b. selection c. genetic drift d. mutation pressure e. differential reproduction 34 Which of the following statements best supports the claim that organisms share fundamental processes as a result of evolution? (A) All organisms that are introduced into new environments have the capacity to fill vacant ecological roles. (B) All organisms have the ability to utilize oxygen to harness energy from the chemical breakdown of organic compounds. (C) All organisms share a genetic code organized into triplet codons, making it possible for one organism to express a gene from another organism. (D) All organisms possess structures such as chloroplasts and mitochondria within their cells that reflect past symbiotic relationships between prokaryotic precursors. 35 The best evidence that the giant panda is more closely related to bears than is the racoonlike lesser panda involves 36 In a certain flock of sheep 4% of the population has black wool and 96% of the population has white wool. Assume that the population is in Hardy-Weinburg equilibrium. IF the black wool is a recessive train, what percentage of the population is heterozygous for the trait? a. 4% b. 20% c. 32 % d. 64% e. 80% 37 In a certain flock of sheep 4% of the population has black wool and 96% of the population has white wool. Assume that the population is in Hardy-Weinburg equilibrium. What percentage of the population is homozygous for white wool? a. 20% b. 40% c. 64% d. 80% e. 96% 38 In a certain flock of sheep, 4% of the population has black wool and 96% has white wool. Assume that the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. If black wool is a recessive trait, what percentage of the population is heterozygous for this trait? 39 In a certain flock of sheep, 4% of the population has black wool and 96% has white wool. Assume that the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. What percentage of the population is homozygous for white wool? 40 All of the following conditions would result in a change in the frequency of a specific allele in a population EXCEPT ____________. A. selection against the recessive phenotype Bselection against the dominant phenotype C. genetic drift D. random mating in a large population E. mutation of the dominant allele to the recessive allele 41 Experimental evidence shows that the process 42 All
of the following statements concerning the theory of evolution by natural selection are true EXCEPT: D. The bodies of organisms in a population change by use and disuse, and the changes are inherited by the next generation. 43 A research study sampled populations of field mice annually over the course of 50 years. The population was categorized by coat color. Data from the beginning and end of the study are graphed above. What type of selection is represented by the change in the data from 1955 to 2005 ? (A) Directional selection (B) Stabilizing selection (C) Bimodal selection (D) Disruptive selection (E) Sexual selection 44 In evolutionary terms, which of the following organisms is the most successful? 45 If a population is at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which of the following can be predicted for the recessive alleles in the population? 1) They will eventually disappear, 2) They will be selected against, 3) They will be maintained at the same frequency, 4) They will be expressed in the heterozygous condition, 5) They will become dominant. 46 .The different species of finches on the Galapagos Islands are believed to have arisen as a result of natural selection acting on populations of finches that had experienced 47 Toads in a particular population vary in size. A scientist observes that in this population, large males mate with females significantly more often than small males do. All the following are plausible hypotheses to explain this observation EXCEPT: 48 MRSA is an acronym for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Many of the strains of the common bacterium are also resistant to other antibiotics in use today. The resistance is linked to a collection of genes carried on plasmids that are passed from one bacterium to another by conjugation. Suppose a newly discovered, chemically different antibiotic is used in place of methicillin. Which of the following would be the most likely effect on Staphylococcus aureus antibiotic resistance? A. The gene for methecillan resistance no long needed would disappear entirely from Staphyloccoccus aurus populations within a few generations B. Transmission of the methicillin-resistance plasmid by conjugation would increase amont the Staphyloccocus aureus population as the genes would confer resistance to the new antibioltic C. Transmission of the methicillin-resistance would gradually decrease but the plasmid would not entirely disappear from the Staphyloccoccus aureus population D. Transmission of the methicillin-resistance 49 If, on average, 46% of the loci in a species' gene pool are heterozygous, then the
average homozygosity of the species should be. 50 Which of these is a statement that Darwin would have rejected? 51 Each of the following has a better chance of influencing gene frequencies in small 52 The following questions refer to Figure 22.1, which shows an outcrop of sedimentary rock whose strata are labeled AD. 38) If x indicates the location of fossils of two closely related species, then fossils of their most-recent common ancestor are most likely to occur in which stratum? 53 The following questions refer to Figure 22.1, which shows an outcrop of sedimentary rock whose strata are labeled AD. 39) If x indicates the fossils of two closely related species, neither of which is extinct, then their remains may be found in how many of these strata? 54 Which stratum should contain the greatest proportion of extinct organisms? 55 56 Two populations of species of quirrel are georgraphically isolated from each other. Although they
have the same population density, one population is significantly larger in number than the other one. A new bacterial disease, which is easily spread and extremely virulent, affects both populations at the same time. Which of the following is the best prediction of how the new disease will affect the two populations. 57 The gene pool can best be described as a. total aggregate of genes in a population at any time b. group of genes not described by the Hardy-Weinberg theorem c. total number of gene loci that occur in each species d. group of genes responsible for polygenic traits 58 From the fields of study listed below, choose the field that has provided each of the following pieces of evidence that biological evolution has occured: a. comparitive anatomy b. comparative biochemistry c. paleontology d. comparative embryology e. geographical distribution archaeopteryx is an extinct feathered reptile 59 From the fields of study listed below, choose the field that has provided each of the following pieces of evidence that biological evolution has occured: a. comparitive anatomy b. comparative biochemistry c. paleontology d. comparative embryology e. geographical distribution Peripatus has claws like an insect and paired nephridia like a segmented worm 60 From the fields of study listed below, choose the field that has provided each of the following pieces of evidence that biological evolution has occured: a. comparitive anatomy b. comparative biochemistry c. paleontology d. comparative embryology e. geographical distribution Most human diabetics can use insulin derived either from pigsof from humans 61 From the fields of study listed below, choose the field that has provided each of the following pieces of evidence that biological evolution has occured: a. comparitive anatomy b. comparative biochemistry c. paleontology d. comparative embryology e. geographical distribution During early development, a human fetus has tail and gill arches 62 Evolutionary biologists have observed variation in the average age and size of mature individuals in a population of small freshwater guppies. Guppies found in pools with pike cichlids— a predator fish that preys primarily on larger guppies—reproduce at a young age and are small at maturity. Guppies found in pools with killifish —a different predator fish that preys primarily on smaller guppies—reproduce at an older age and are larger at maturity. Which of the following predicts the most likely outcome of moving a population of guppies from a pool with pike cichlids to a pool with killifish? (A) The introduced guppy population will remain phenotypically similar to the original population because the killifish will not recognize them as prey. (B) Because the introduced population was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, successive generations in the new population will continue to display the same allele frequencies as the original population. (C) After many generations, the offspring of the introduced guppies will mature at an older age and larger size because of selective pressure from the new predator. (D) Within two or three generations, the introduced guppies will become extinct because the killifish prefer the juveniles. 63 In a species of cactus, the number of spines on a plant is genetically determined. The graph above shows frequency distributions for populations of the cactus species growing in the presence or absence of two herbivores: peccaries (a New World pig) and wasp larvae. Which of the following best accounts for the different frequency distributions in the graph? (A) Peccaries eat cacti with the greatest number of spines, and wasp larvae show no preference with respect to spine number. (B) Peccaries eat cacti with a smaller number of spines, and wasp larvae eat cacti with a greater number of spines. (C) Wasps have increasing difficulty depositing eggs on cacti with more spines, and peccaries show no preference with respect to spine number. (D) Both peccaries and wasp larvae will eat the most abundant types of cacti, which are the plants with the greatest number of spines. 64 65 Experimental evidence shows that the process Which of the following best predicts how the population will be affected by the landslide?Which of the following best predicts how the population will be affected by the landslide? The surviving organisms will evolve into a new species. The reduced population will likely have allelic frequencies that are different from the initial population.
Which of the following describes a mutation that would lead to an increase in the frequency of?The cell would be prevented from entering mitosis, and the cell would stop dividing. Which of the following describes a mutation that would lead to an increase in the frequency of nondisjunction? Within a forest ecosystem, there is a large amount of diversity among members of a warbler species.
Which of the following is the best justification for why the rabbit hemoglobin?Which of the following is the best justification for why the rabbit hemoglobin proteins were found throughout the tadpole? The mRNA injected into the newly fertilized frog eggs is distributed in the cytoplasm of every daughter cell during cell division.
Which of the following best explains the observed distribution pattern of the snails?Which of the following best explains the observed distribution pattern of the snails? The founder effect suggests that dark-colored snails migrated from the southern regions to the north and established the populations found there.
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