What types of drugs by nature distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input?

Module 4.1

States of Consciousness

�      Consciousness: a stream of thoughts; our awareness of ourselves and our environments

�      Focused awareness

�      Drifting consciousness

�   Daydreaming

�      Divided consciousness

�   Automatic pilot

States of Unconsciousness

�      States in which we are relatively unaware of our external surroundings

�      Examples

�   Head trauma

�   General anesthesia

�   Coma

�      Altered states of consciousness

�   Daydreaming, meditation, hypnosis, drugs

Module 4.2

Sleeping and Dreaming

Circadian Rhythms and Sleep

�       Difficulties with circadian rhythm

�    Jet lag

�    Shift work

SLEEP: Why do we sleep?

SLEEP:

�  periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness

�      Repair and restoration theory

�      Evolutionary Theory a) Energy conservation version b) Predatory avoidance version

MEASURING SLEEP

Brain Wave Patterns (Figure 4.1)

Stages of Sleep

�      Stages 1 to 4

�   Stage 1: small irregular brain waves, light sleep

�   Stage 2: sleep spindles

�   Stages 3 & 4: delta or slow-wave sleep, deep sleep

�      REM sleep

�   Rapid eye movements occur

�   Full dreams occur

�   Paradoxical sleep

Sleep time for humans as a� function of age

Dreams and Dreaming

�      Why do we dream?

�   Consolidate memories and learning

�   Problem solving

�   Activation-synthesis hypothesis

�   Wish fulfillment (Sigmund Freud)

�   Manifest and latent content

�   Symbolic nature of dreams

Sleep Deprivation

�      Impact of sleep deprivation

�   Slowed reaction times

�   Impaired concentration, memory, problem solving

�   Difficulty learning new information

�   Impaired academic performance

�   Accidents

�   Weakened immune system

Sleep Disorders

�      Insomnia

�      Hypersomnia

�      Narcolepsy: �sleep attacks�

�      Sleep apnea

�      Nightmare disorder

�      Sleep terror disorder

�      Sleepwalking disorder

�      Sleep talking

�      Periodic Limb Movement Disorder (Myoclonic Jerks)

Module 4.3

Altering Consciousness Through Meditation and Hypnosis

Meditation

�      Focused attention inducing a relaxed, contemplative state

�   May focus on single object or idea

�   Mantra: repeating phrase or sound

�   Practice varies between cultures

�      Varied goals

�   Relax body and mind

�   Expand consciousness, awareness, peacefulness

Hypnosis

�      HYPNOSIS: A social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts or behaviors will spontaneously occur.

�      Altered state of consciousness with:

�    Focused attention

�    Deep relaxation

�    Suggestibility

�      Varied techniques, such as:

�    Focus on hypnotist�s voice

�    Focus on object

�    Suggestions

Hypnosis

�      Hypnotic suggestion

�   Age regression

�   Analgesia

�   Distortions of reality (positive and negative hallucinations)

�   Posthypnotic amnesia

�   Posthypnotic suggestion

Theories of Hypnosis

�      Trance state characterized by suggestibility

�      Role-playing model

�      Neodissociation theory (Hilgard)

�    Dissociated consciousness:

�    a split in consciousness.

�    allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others.

�    Hidden observer

�    Hilgard�s term describing a hypnotized subject�s awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go unreported during hypnosis.

�    Cold pressor test.

Competing views of hypnosis

Hypnosis and Personality

�      Characteristics of highly hypnotizable people

�   Well-developed fantasy life

�   Vivid sense of imagination

�   Forgetfulness

�   Positive attitude toward hypnosis

Module 4.4

Altering Consciousness Through Drugs

Psychoactive Drugs

�      Act on brain to affect emotional or mental states

�      Examples

�   Heroin, cocaine, marijuana

�   Alcohol, nicotine, caffeine

Concepts of Drug Use

�      Psychoactive Drug

�   a chemical substance that alters perceptions and alters mood

�      Physical Dependence

�   physiological need for a drug

�   marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms

�      Psychological Dependence

�   a psychological need to use a drug

�   for example, to relieve negative emotions

Dependence

Classes of Psychoactive Drugs

�      Depressants

�   drugs that reduce neural activity

�   slow body function

�    alcohol, barbiturates, opiates

�      Stimulants

�   drugs that excite neural activity

�   speed up body function

�    caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines

�      Hallucinogens

�    psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

�    LSD

Depressants

�      Alcohol: disinhibiting intoxicant

�   Most widely used and abused depressant

�   Disturbs balance and motor skills, slurred speech, impairs judgment, concentration, and attention

�   Accounts for 100,000 deaths per year in US

�   Alcoholism

�   Binge drinking

Depressants

�      Barbiturates

�   Calming or sedating effects

�   Drowsiness, slurred speech, impairment

�   Examples: Amobarbital, pentobarbital, phenobarbital

�      Tranquilizers

�   Treat anxiety, insomnia

�   Reduce arousal, induce calm feelings

�   Examples: Valium, Xanax, Halcion

Depressants

�      Opioids

�   Narcotics: addictive, pain-relieving, sleep-inducing

�   Produce euphoric �rush,� dampen awareness

�   Examples

�   Derivatives of poppy: morphine, heroin, codeine

�   Synthetics: Demerol, Percodan, Darvon

�   Legitimate medical uses

�   Popular illicit street drugs

Stimulants

�      Heighten activity of CNS

�      Types

�   Amphetamines

�   Cocaine

�   MDMA (Ecstasy)

�   Nicotine

�   Caffeine

Hallucinogens

�      Alter perceptions, distortions, hallucinations

�      Types

�   LSD

�   Mescaline, psilocybin, and PCP

�   Marijuana

Drug Abuse

�      Social and cultural factors

�      Genetic factors

�      Neurotransmitters, biochemistry, endorphins

�      Psychological factors

�      Cognitive factors

Drug abuse across cultures

Drug Treatment

�      Most effective treatment: use a wide variety of approaches

�   Detoxification

�   Follow-up services, counseling

�   Therapeutic drugs

�   Self-help programs

Module 4.5

Application: Getting Your Z�s

Insomnia

�      Common sleep problem

�      Difficulty getting enough sleep

�      May reflect underlying psychological or physiological disorder

�      Often reflects unhealthy sleep habits

Healthy Sleep Habits

�       Regular sleep schedule

�       Don�t try to force sleep

�       Regular bedtime routine

�       Proper cues for sleeping

�       Avoid tossing and turning

�       Avoid daytime naps

�       Don�t take problems to bed

�       Use mental imagery

�       Regular exercise

�       Limit caffeine

�       Rational �self-talk�

What drugs distort perceptions and evoke sensory images?

Are a category of drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input?

Which of the following would produce sensory images in the absence of sensory input?

Which type of drug is best known for altering a person's sense of perception?