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Positive Symptoms: The Disorganized DimensionDisorganized thinking becomes apparent in patients' speech patterns as schizophrenia progresses. Affected people lose their train of thought during conversations, make loose associations of topics (tangentially jumping from one topic to another apparently at random, or on the barest of associations), and give answers to unrelated questions. Speech may be highly circumstantial, meaning that affected people may speak continuously, providing numerous irrelevant details and never getting to the point. Occasionally, speech is so disorganized that it becomes a completely jumbled "word salad" devoid of discernible meaning despite being full of words. Disorganized behavior may range from simple problems sustaining goal-directed self-care behaviors such as personal hygiene to unpredictable and bizarre socially inappropriate outbursts. For example, people may not dress according to the weather, (i.e., they may wear a heavy coat in the middle of summer), they may wear odd or inappropriate makeup, they may shout at people for no apparent reason, or they may mutter to themselves continuously, etc. They may even strip off their clothing and run naked through the streets, while chewing on road kill. Most anything is possible. Catatonic motor behaviors are a type of disturbed behavior (and a negative as opposed to a positive symptom) that sometimes occurs when schizophrenia goes untreated. In catatonia, peoples' reaction to their surroundings becomes remarkably decreased. They may assume a rigid, uncomfortable looking posture and then not move for hours or days, resisting efforts to move them. Catatonic patients may also display "waxy flexibility", meaning that they allow themselves to be moved into new positions, but do not move on their own. Most of the time, this is not an act or a show but rather a genuine and unpremeditated symptom of the illness that patients cannot help. Catatonia is observed with less frequency today than in past years due to advances in treating schizophrenia. Negative Symptoms: Affective Flattening, Alogia, and Avolition"Affect" refers to emotional expression. Affective flattening, distinguished by a restricted range of expressed emotions, is a fairly common negative symptom among some schizophrenia patients. Patients with affective flattening show relatively immobile and unresponsive facial expressions, often accompanied by poor eye contact and little body language or movement. Alogia refers to difficulty with speaking. In some schizophrenic patients, alogia manifests as reduced total speech output, and reduced verbal fluency (the ease with which words are chosen). Patients displaying alogia struggle to give brief answers to questions, for example. Avolition describes a loss of motivation; the will or desire to participate in activities or to do things. Some schizophrenic patients show avolition in that they will sit still for long periods of time, seemingly indifferent to their surroundings, and without displaying any interest in work or social activities. In extreme cases, this behavior becomes catatonia (as described above). Overview In the past, catatonia was considered to be a subtype of schizophrenia. It’s understood now that catatonia can occur in a broad spectrum of psychiatric and medical conditions. Although catatonia and schizophrenia can exist as separate conditions, they are closely tied to one another. The first medical acknowledgement of catatonic behavior involved people with schizophrenia. People with catatonic symptoms in schizophrenia exhibit unusual styles and levels of physical movement. For example, such a person may move their body erratically or not at all. This state may continue for minutes, hours, even days. Symptoms of catatonic schizophrenia may include:
The catatonic state may be punctuated by times of polar opposite behaviors. For example, someone with catatonia may experience brief episodes of:
Just because a person has catatonic symptoms doesn’t mean that person has schizophrenia. Causes of catatoniaThe causes of catatonic disorders vary from person to person, but researchers believe irregularities in the dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glutamate neurotransmitter systems are the primary cause. It isn’t unusual for catatonia to be accompanied by other neurological, psychiatric, or physical conditions. Causes of schizophreniaWhile causes of schizophrenia are unknown, researchers believe that a combination of factors contribute to its development, including
Family history is a risk factor for this condition. However, a person’s own lifestyle and behavior may also be related. Catatonic schizophrenic episodes have been linked to substance misuse. For example, a person who already has a predisposition to the disorder may experience a full episode after a night of engaging in drug use. This is because mind-altering substances also contribute to changes in brain chemistry. When combined with existing chemical imbalances in a person’s brain, the impact of drugs and alcohol can be strong. When to see a doctor for catatonic schizophreniaIf you or someone you love is experiencing any symptoms of catatonic schizophrenia, you should see your doctor as soon as possible. If you believe that someone is having a catatonic episode, seek medical help immediately. Only a medical doctor can diagnose catatonic schizophrenia. In order to do so, a doctor may perform some or all of the following tests:
MedicationTypically, the first step in treating catatonic schizophrenia is medication. Your doctor might prescribe lorazepam (Ativan) — a benzodiazepine — injected either intramuscularly (IM) or intravenously (IV). Other benzodiazepines include:
PsychotherapySometimes psychotherapy is combined with medication to teach coping skills and how to deal with stressful situations. This treatment also aims to help people who have mental health issues associated with catatonia learn how to collaborate with their doctor to manage their condition better. Although schizophrenia may be a lifelong condition in some cases, catatonic episodes associated with the condition can be effectively treated by an experienced psychiatric team. Is an extreme motor symptom of schizophrenia that involves being completely immobile?catatonic schizophrenia, rare severe mental disorder characterized by striking motor behaviour, typically involving either significant reductions in voluntary movement or hyperactivity and agitation. In some cases, the patient may remain in a state of almost complete immobility, often assuming statuesque positions.
What is a disorder that develops through exposure to a traumatic event severely oppressive situations severe abuse and natural and unnatural disasters?PTSD is a disorder that develops in some people who have experienced a shocking, scary, or dangerous event. It is natural to feel afraid during and after a traumatic situation.
Which of the following are disturbances of movement that a person with a diagnosis of schizophrenia might display?Certain movement problems such as tremors, facial tics, rigidity, and unusually slow movement (bradykinesia) or an inability to move (akinesia) are common in people with schizophrenia.
Which of the following way's might hallucinations be experienced in schizophrenia?[2] The most common hallucinations in schizophrenia are auditory, followed by visual. Tactile, olfactory and gustatory are reported less frequently [Table 1].
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What is an extreme motor symptom of schizophrenia that involves being completely immobile?
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