Poster sessions involve simultaneous visual displays of multiple research summaries at a conference.

A note from the Program Subcommittee

Poster sessions involve simultaneous visual displays of multiple research summaries at a conference.

Attendees listen to a presenter at an ESA poster session.

Did you know the ESA annual meeting receives twice as many contributed abstracts for talks compared to posters? Over the past decade, only 1 out of every 3 contributed abstracts has been submitted for a poster. Despite some misconceptions, ESA does not cap the number of oral presentations or re-assign some abstracts that requested oral presentation slots to posters. The abstract guidelines for both formats are the same. So what’s driving the low number of posters? Presenter choice. Every accepted abstract is given the format the presenter requested at the time of submission.

The relatively low number of posters is a missed opportunity for presenters to engage with other attendees and discuss their work in more depth. In post meeting surveys, attendees frequently mention networking as a major strength of the conference, and multiple parallel oral sessions as a major weakness. We encourage ecologists at all career stages to consider submitting a poster abstract to help us create a more balance meeting program that will better serve attendee needs, and to further stimulate networking opportunities.

We offer 5 reasons why you should consider presenting a poster.

More audience engagement with your work

Oral presentations have a limited audience. Attendees have a choice of many simultaneous oral sessions, some years as many as 35. Posters are available for viewing for longer periods (a full conference day!), and presenters have the opportunity to personally interact with many more meeting attendees during the poster session. A poster session is 90 minutes long, whereas the short Q&A after oral presentations is at most a few minutes.

A dedicated time for networking

There are many more substantive opportunities to have face-to-face conversations about your findings during the poster session. For scientists at all levels, you will receive much more feedback and be able to answer many more questions about your research. There are no conflicting sessions during posters, so people who are interested in your work are more likely to be present. This can be helpful for students and early career scientists who are just starting to build a professional network as well as senior scientists with limited opportunities to catch up with their existing contacts.

Creative flexibility

There is enormous flexibility in the layout, content, and format of posters. The days of the prescribed formats for posters that mirror a scientific publication are gone. People are experimenting with newer and potentially more effective methods of visual communication, including the #betterposter format, or other creative options. As long as your poster fits on the board, it is your canvas to design however you see fit. How will your communicate your science? We encourage you to explore new, creative, and engaging ways to communicate your science via a poster.

A lasting communication tool

Both talks and posters are time consuming to prepare. While you may (or may not) present your conference talk again, or reuse some slides, your poster can be permanently displayed after the meeting. You can prepare posters with a clear message and format that will continue to communicate ecological research long after the meeting is over. Does your lab, department, agency, office, or university have space for mounting well-prepared, visually interesting posters? Are there even more public venues like visitor’s centers, museums, or schools that have interest and space for science communication? There are arguably more options for reusing posters than talks, with more possibilities for reaching a wide audience.

A less stressful meeting experience

It’s not uncommon for attendees who are presenting a talk to be touching up slides or even finishing their latest data analysis while they are on site. It can be a stressful time, splitting attention between finishing a big presentation, attending sessions, and networking with colleagues. We offer the poster sessions as a more relaxed and focused meeting experience. You arrive with your poster presentation already completed. In your session, there will be ample time for questions, feedback, and discussion. And of course, there is a cash bar with complimentary snacks! Perfect for conversation.

We hope we will see you this summer in Salt Lake City and that you will be presenting your work to share with colleagues.

Program Subcommittee
ESA Meetings Committee
Kiona Ogle
Ryan McEwan
Diane Pataki

  • Entry

  • Reader's guide

  • Entries A-Z

  • Subject index

Poster Presentation of Research

A poster presentation of research is a procedure for presenting research findings that primarily occurs at academic conferences. A poster presentation is a visual form of communication that is used to present and promote one’s own scholarly research. Poster research sessions are a unique way to connect directly with individuals in a manner that makes research understandable and memorable. This style of presentation is often used to reach large numbers of people who may be walking through a hallway exhibit center or attending a specific poster session designed to feature numerous poster presentations of research. Poster sessions are oriented toward presenters who stand rather than sit when presenting their research. Viewing the poster presentation as a “short story” simplifies the understanding of research ...

  • Creating and Conducting Research

    • Creation of Research Project
      • Authoring: Telling a Research Story
      • Body Image and Eating Disorders
      • Hypothesis Formulation
      • Methodology, Selection of
      • Program Assessment
      • Research Ideas, Sources of
      • Research Project, Planning of
      • Research Question Formulation
      • Research Topic, Definition of
      • Research, Inspiration for
      • Social Media: Blogs, Microblogs, and Twitter
      • Testability
    • Ethics
      • Acknowledging the Contribution of Others
      • Activism and Social Justice
      • Anonymous Source of Data
      • Authorship Bias
      • Authorship Credit
      • Confidentiality and Anonymity of Participants
      • Conflict of Interest in Research
      • Controversial Experiments
      • Copyright Issues in Research
      • Cultural Sensitivity in Research
      • Data Security
      • Debriefing of Participants
      • Deception in Research
      • Ethical Issues, International Research
      • Ethics Codes and Guidelines
      • Fraudulent and Misleading Data
      • Funding Research
      • Health Care Disparities
      • Human Subjects, Treatment of
      • Informed Consent
      • Institutional Review Board
      • Organizational Ethics
      • Peer Review
      • Plagiarism
      • Plagiarism, Self-
      • Privacy of Information
      • Privacy of Participants
      • Public Behavior, Recording of
      • Reliability, Unitizing
      • Research Ethics and Social Values
      • Researcher-Participant Relationships
      • Social Implications of Research
    • Literature Reviews
      • Archive Searching for Research
      • Bibliographic Research
      • Databases, Academic
      • Foundation and Government Research Collections
      • Library Research
      • Literature Review, The
      • Literature Reviews, Foundational
      • Literature Reviews, Resources for
      • Literature Reviews, Strategies for
      • Literature Sources, Skeptical and Critical Stance Toward
      • Literature, Determining Quality of
      • Literature, Determining Relevance of
      • Meta-Analysis
      • Publications, Scholarly
      • Search Engines for Literature Search
      • Vote Counting Literature Review Methods
    • Writing and Publishing Research
      • Abstract or Executive Summary
      • Academic Journals
      • Alternative Conference Presentation Formats
      • American Psychological Association (APA) Style
      • Archiving Data
      • Blogs and Research
      • Chicago Style
      • Citations to Research
      • Evidence-Based Policy Making
      • Invited Publication
      • Limitations of Research
      • Modern Language Association (MLA) Style
      • Narrative Literature Review
      • New Media Analysis
      • News Media, Writing for
      • Panel Presentations and Discussion
      • Pay to Review and/or Publish
      • Peer Reviewed Publication
      • Poster Presentation of Research
      • Primary Data Analysis
      • Publication Style Guides
      • Publication, Politics of
      • Publications, Open-Access
      • Publishing a Book
      • Publishing a Journal Article
      • Research Report, Organization of
      • Research Reports, Objective
      • Research Reports, Subjective
      • Scholarship of Teaching and Learning
      • Secondary Data
      • Submission of Research to a Convention
      • Submission of Research to a Journal
      • Title of Manuscript, Selection of
      • Visual Images as Data Within Qualitative Research
      • Writer’s Block
      • Writing a Discussion Section
      • Writing a Literature Review
      • Writing a Methods Section
      • Writing a Results Section
      • Writing Process, The

  • Designing the Empirical Inquiry

    • Content Analysis
      • Coding of Data
      • Content Analysis, Definition of
      • Content Analysis, Process of
      • Content Analysis: Advantages and Disadvantages
      • Conversation Analysis
      • Critical Analysis
      • Discourse Analysis
      • Interaction Analysis, Quantitative
      • Intercoder Reliability
      • Intercoder Reliability Coefficients, Comparison of
      • Intercoder Reliability Standards: Reproducibility
      • Intercoder Reliability Standards: Stability
      • Intercoder Reliability Techniques: Cohen’s Kappa
      • Intercoder Reliability Techniques: Fleiss System
      • Intercoder Reliability Techniques: Holsti Method
      • Intercoder Reliability Techniques: Krippendorf Alpha
      • Intercoder Reliability Techniques: Percent Agreement
      • Intercoder Reliability Techniques: Scott’s Pi
      • Metrics for Analysis, Selection of
      • Narrative Analysis
      • Observational Research Methods
      • Observational Research, Advantages and Disadvantages
      • Observer Reliability
      • Rhetorical and Dramatism Analysis
      • Semiotics
      • Unobtrusive Analysis
    • Internet Inquiry
      • Association of Internet Researchers (AoIR)
      • Chat Rooms
      • Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC)
      • Internet as Cultural Context
      • Internet Research and Ethical Decision Making
      • Internet Research, Privacy of Participants
      • Online and Offline Data, Comparison of
      • Online Communities
      • Online Data, Collection and Interpretation of
      • Online Data, Documentation of
      • Online Data, Hacking of
      • Online Interviews
      • Online Social Worlds
      • Social Networks, Online
      • Spam
    • Measurement
      • Correspondence Analysis
      • Cutoff Scores
      • Data Cleaning
      • Data Reduction
      • Data Trimming
      • Facial Affect Coding System
      • Factor Analysis
      • Factor Analysis: Confirmatory
      • Factor Analysis: Evolutionary
      • Factor Analysis: Exploratory
      • Factor Analysis: Internal Consistency
      • Factor Analysis: Parallelism Test
      • Factor Analysis: Rotated Matrix
      • Factor Analysis: Varimax Rotation
      • Factor Analysis-Oblique Rotation
      • Implicit Measures
      • Measurement Levels
      • Measurement Levels, Interval
      • Measurement Levels, Nominal/Categorical
      • Measurement Levels, Ordinal
      • Measurement Levels, Ratio
      • Observational Measurement: Face Features
      • Observational Measurement: Proxemics and Touch
      • Observational Measurement: Vocal Qualities
      • Organizational Identification
      • Outlier Analysis
      • Parsimony
      • Physiological Measurement
      • Physiological Measurement: Blood Pressure
      • Physiological Measurement: Genital Blood Volume
      • Physiological Measurement: Heart Rate
      • Physiological Measurement: Pupillary Response
      • Physiological Measurement: Skin Conductance
      • Range
      • Raw Score
      • Reaction Time
      • Reliability of Measurement
      • Reliability, Cronbach’s Alpha
      • Reliability, Knuder-Richardson
      • Reliability, Split-half
      • Scales, Forced Choice
      • Scales, Likert Statement
      • Scales, Open-Ended
      • Scales, Rank Order
      • Scales, Semantic Differential
      • Scales, True/False
      • Scaling, Guttman
      • Standard Score
      • Time Series Notation
      • True Score
      • Validity, Concurrent
      • Validity, Construct
      • Validity, Face and Content
      • Validity, Halo Effect
      • Validity, Measurement of
      • Validity, Predictive
      • Variables, Conceptualization
      • Variables, Operationalization
      • Z Transformation
    • Research Subjects/Participants
      • Cohort
      • Confederates
      • Generalization
      • Imagined Interactions
      • Informants
      • Interviewees
      • Matched Groups
      • Matched Individuals
      • Random Assignment of Participants
      • Respondents
      • Response Style
      • Treatment Groups
      • Vulnerable Groups
    • Sampling
      • Experience Sampling Method
      • Sample Versus Population
      • Sampling Decisions
      • Sampling Frames
      • Sampling, Internet
      • Sampling, Methodological Issues in
      • Sampling, Multistage
      • Sampling, Nonprobability
      • Sampling, Probability
      • Sampling, Special Population
    • Survey Research
      • Opinion Polling
      • Sampling, Random
      • Survey Instructions
      • Survey Questions, Writing and Phrasing of
      • Survey Response Rates
      • Survey Wording
      • Survey: Contrast Questions
      • Survey: Demographic Questions
      • Survey: Dichotomous Questions
      • Survey: Filter Questions
      • Survey: Follow-up Questions
      • Survey: Leading Questions
      • Survey: Multiple-Choice Questions
      • Survey: Negative-Wording Questions
      • Survey: Open-Ended Questions
      • Survey: Questionnaire
      • Survey: Sampling Issues
      • Survey: Structural Questions
      • Surveys, Advantages and Disadvantages of
      • Surveys, Using Others’
      • Under-represented Group

  • Qualitatively Examining Information

    • Qualitative Concepts and Techniques
      • Alternative News Media
      • Analytic Induction
      • Archival Analysis
      • Artifact Selection
      • Autoethnography
      • Axial Coding
      • Burkean Analysis
      • Case Study
      • Close Reading
      • Coding, Fixed
      • Coding, Flexible
      • Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software (CAQDAS)
      • Covert Observation
      • Critical Ethnography
      • Critical Incident Method
      • Critical Race Theory
      • Cultural Studies and Communication
      • Demand Characteristics
      • Ethnographic Interview
      • Ethnography
      • Ethnomethodology
      • Fantasy Theme Analysis
      • Feminist Analysis
      • Field Notes
      • First Wave Feminism
      • Fisher Narrative Paradigm
      • Focus Groups
      • Frame Analysis
      • Garfinkling
      • Gender-Specific Language
      • Grounded Theory
      • Hermeneutics
      • Historical Analysis
      • Ideographs
      • Induction
      • Informant Interview
      • Interaction Analysis, Qualitative
      • Interpretative Research
      • Interviews for Data Gathering
      • Interviews, Recording and Transcribing
      • Journals
      • Marxist Analysis
      • Meta-ethnography
      • Metaphor Analysis
      • Narrative Interviewing
      • Naturalistic Observation
      • Negative Case Analysis
      • Neo-Aristotelian Method
      • New Media and Participant Observation
      • Participant Observer
      • Pentadic Analysis
      • Performance Research
      • Phenomenological Traditions
      • Poetic Analysis
      • Postcolonial Analysis
      • Power in Language
      • Pronomial Use-Solidarity
      • Psychoanalytic Approaches to Rhetoric
      • Public Memory
      • Qualitative Data
      • Queer Methods
      • Queer Theory
      • Researcher-Participant Relationships in Observational Research
      • Respondent Interviews
      • Rhetoric as Epistemic
      • Rhetoric, Aristotle’s: Ethos
      • Rhetoric, Aristotle’s: Logos
      • Rhetoric, Aristotle’s: Pathos
      • Rhetoric, Isocrates’
      • Rhetorical Artifact
      • Rhetorical Method
      • Rhetorical Theory
      • Second Wave Feminism
      • Snowball Subject Recruitment
      • Social Constructionism
      • Social Network Analysis
      • Spontaneous Decision Making
      • Symbolic Interactionism
      • Synecdoche
      • Terministic Screens
      • Textual Analysis
      • Thematic Analysis
      • Theoretical Traditions
      • Third-Wave Feminism
      • Transcription Systems
      • Triangulation
      • Turning Point Analysis
      • Unobtrusive Measurement
      • Visual Materials, Analysis of

  • Statistically Analyzing Data

    • Analysis of Variance Approaches
      • t-Test
      • t-Test, Independent Samples
      • t-Test, One Sample
      • t-Test, Paired Samples
      • Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA)
      • Analysis of Ranks
      • Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
      • Bonferroni Correction
      • Chi-Square
      • Decomposing Sums of Squares
      • Error Term
      • Eta Squared
      • Factorial Analysis of Variance
      • McNemar Test
      • One-Tailed Test
      • One-Way Analysis of Variance
      • Post Hoc Tests
      • Post Hoc Tests: Duncan Multiple Range Test
      • Post Hoc Tests: Least Significant Difference
      • Post Hoc Tests: Scheffe Test
      • Post Hoc Tests: Student-Newman-Keuls Test
      • Post Hoc Tests: Tukey Honestly Significance Difference Test
      • Repeated Measures
    • Experimental Design Issues
      • p value
      • Between-Subjects Design
      • Blocking Variable
      • Causality
      • Control Groups
      • Counterbalancing
      • Cross-Sectional Design
      • Data
      • Degrees of Freedom
      • Delayed Measurement
      • Ex Post Facto Designs
      • Experimental Manipulation
      • Experiments and Experimental Design
      • External Validity
      • Extraneous Variables, Control of
      • Factor, Crossed
      • Factor, Fixed
      • Factor, Nested
      • Factor, Random
      • Factorial Designs
      • False Negative
      • False Positive
      • Field Experiments
      • Hierarchical Model
      • Individual Difference
      • Internal Validity
      • Laboratory Experiments
      • Latin Square Design
      • Longitudinal Design
      • Manipulation Check
      • Measures of Variability
      • Median Split of Sample
      • Mixed Level Design
      • Multitrial Design
      • Null Hypothesis
      • One-Group Pretest–Posttest Design
      • Orthogonality
      • Overidentified Model
      • Pilot Study
      • Population/Sample
      • Power Curves
      • Quantitative Research, Purpose of
      • Quantitative Research, Steps for
      • Quasi-Experimental Design
      • Random Assignment
      • Replication
      • Research Proposal
      • Rigor
      • Sampling Theory
      • Sampling, Determining Size
      • Solomon Four-Group Design
      • Stimulus Pre-test
      • Two-Group Pretest–Posttest Design
      • Two-Group Random Assignment Pretest–Posttest Design
      • Variables, Control
      • Variables, Dependent
      • Variables, Independent
      • Variables, Latent
      • Variables, Marker
      • Variables, Mediating Types
      • Variables, Moderating Types
      • Within-Subjects Design
    • Linear Approaches to Statistics
      • Analysis of Residuals
      • Bivariate Statistics
      • Bootstrapping
      • Confidence Interval
      • Conjoint Analysis
      • Contrast Analysis
      • Correlation, Pearson
      • Correlation, Point-Biserial
      • Correlation, Spearman
      • Covariance/Variance Matrix
      • Covariate
      • Cramér’s V
      • Discriminant Analysis
      • Kendall’s Tau
      • Kruskal-Wallis Test
      • Linear Regression
      • Linear Versus Nonlinear Relationships
      • Multicollinearity
      • Multiple Regression
      • Multiple Regression: Block Analysis
      • Multiple Regression: Covariates in Multiple Regression
      • Multiple Regression: Multiple R
      • Multiple Regression: Standardized Regression Coefficient
      • Partial Correlation
      • Phi Coefficient
      • Semi-Partial r
      • Simple Bivariate Correlation
    • Statistical Measurement Issues
      • Z score
      • Categorization
      • Cluster Analysis
      • Data Transformation
      • Errors of Measurement
      • Errors of Measurement: Attenuation
      • Errors of Measurement: Ceiling and Floor Effects
      • Errors of Measurement: Dichotomization of a Continuous Variable
      • Errors of Measurement: Range Restriction
      • Errors of Measurement: Regression Toward the Mean
      • Frequency Distributions
      • Heterogeneity of Variance
      • Heteroskedasticity
      • Homogeneity of Variance
      • Hypothesis Testing, Logic of
      • Intraclass Correlation
      • Mean, Arithmetic
      • Mean, Geometric
      • Mean, Harmonic
      • Measures of Central Tendency
      • Median
      • Mode
      • Mortality in Sample
      • Normal Curve Distribution
      • Relationships Between Variables
      • Sampling, Probability
      • Sensitivity Analysis
      • Significance Test
      • Simple Descriptive Statistics
      • Skewness
      • Standard Deviation and Variance
      • Standard Error
      • Standard Error, Mean
      • Statistical Power Analysis
      • Type I error
      • Type II error
      • Univariate Statistics
      • Variables, Categorical
      • Variables, Continuous
      • Variables, Defining
      • Variables, Interaction of
    • Statistical Models
      • Autoregressive, Integrative, Moving Average (ARIMA) Models
      • Binomial Effect Size Display
      • Cloze Procedure
      • Cross Validation
      • Cross-Lagged Panel Analysis
      • Curvilinear Relationship
      • Effect Sizes
      • Hierarchical Linear Modeling
      • Lag Sequential Analysis
      • Lambda
      • Logistic Analysis
      • Log-Linear Analysis
      • Margin of Error
      • Markov Analysis
      • Maximum Likelihood Estimation
      • Meta-Analysis: Estimation of Average Effect
      • Meta-Analysis: Fixed Effects Analysis
      • Meta-Analysis: Literature Search Issues
      • Meta-Analysis: Model Testing
      • Meta-Analysis: Random Effects Analysis
      • Meta-Analysis: Statistical Conversion to Common Metric
      • Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA)
      • Multivariate Statistics
      • Odds Ratio
      • Ordinary Least Squares
      • Path Analysis
      • Probit Analysis
      • Quasi-F
      • Sobel Test
      • Structural Equation Modeling
      • Time-Series Analysis

  • Understanding the Scope of Communication Research

    • Areas of Inquiry
      • Acculturation
      • African American Communication and Culture
      • Agenda Setting
      • Applied Communication
      • Argumentation Theory
      • Asian/Pacific American Communication Studies
      • Bad News, Communication of
      • Basic Course in Communication
      • Business Communication
      • Communication and Aging Research
      • Communication and Culture
      • Communication and Evolution
      • Communication and Future Studies
      • Communication and Human Biology
      • Communication and Technology
      • Communication Apprehension
      • Communication Assessment
      • Communication Competence
      • Communication Education
      • Communication Ethics
      • Communication History
      • Communication Privacy Management Theory
      • Communication Skills
      • Communication Theory
      • Conflict, Mediation, and Negotiation
      • Corporate Communication
      • Crisis Communication
      • Cross-Cultural Communication
      • Cultural Studies and Communication
      • Cyberchondria
      • Dark Side of Communication
      • Debate and Forensics
      • Development of Communication in Children
      • Diaspora
      • Digital Media and Race
      • Digital Natives
      • Dime Dating
      • Disability and Communication
      • Distance Learning
      • Educational Technology
      • Emergency Communication
      • Empathic Listening
      • English as a Second Language
      • Environmental Communication
      • Family Communication
      • Feminist Communication Studies
      • Film Studies
      • Financial Communication
      • Freedom of Expression
      • Game Studies
      • Gender and Communication
      • GeoMedia
      • GLBT Communication Studies
      • GLBT Social Media
      • Group Communication
      • Health Communication
      • Health Literacy
      • Human-Computer Interaction
      • Instructional Communication
      • Intercultural Communication
      • Intergenerational Communication
      • Intergroup Communication
      • International Communication
      • International Film
      • Interpersonal Communication
      • Intrapersonal Communication
      • Jealousy
      • Journalism
      • Language and Social Interaction
      • Latino Communication
      • Leadership
      • Legal Communication
      • Managerial Communication
      • Mass Communication
      • Massive Multiplayer Online Games
      • Massive Open Online Courses
      • Media and Technology Studies
      • Media Diffusion
      • Media Effects Research
      • Media Literacy
      • Message Production
      • Multiplatform Journalism
      • Native American or Indigenous Peoples Communication
      • Nonverbal Communication
      • Organizational Communication
      • Parasocial Communication
      • Passing
      • Patient-Centered Communication
      • Peace Studies
      • Performance Studies
      • Personal Relationship Studies
      • Persuasion
      • Philosophy of Communication
      • Politeness
      • Political Communication
      • Political Debates
      • Political Economy of Media
      • Popular Communication
      • Pornography and Research
      • Propaganda
      • Public Address
      • Public Relations
      • Reality Television
      • Relational Dialectics Theory
      • Religious Communication
      • Rhetoric
      • Rhetorical Genre
      • Risk Communication
      • Robotic Communication
      • Science Communication
      • Selective Exposure
      • Service Learning
      • Small Group Communication
      • Social Cognition
      • Social Network Systems
      • Social Presence
      • Social Relationships
      • Spirituality and Communication
      • Sports Communication
      • Strategic Communication
      • Structuration Theory
      • Surrogacy
      • Terrorism
      • Training and Development in Organizations
      • Video Games
      • Visual Communication Studies
      • Wartime Communication
    • Structure of Research Community
      • Academic Journal Structure
      • Citation Analyses
      • Communication Journals
      • Interdisciplinary Journals
      • Professional Communication Organizations (NCA, ICA, Central, etc.)

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Which section of a research article includes a description of what research has been performed in the past and why the present study is being conducted?

Abstract. The methods section of a research paper provides the information by which a study's validity is judged. Therefore, it requires a clear and precise description of how an experiment was done, and the rationale for why specific experimental procedures were chosen.

Which section of a research publication includes findings reflection on the study's contextual analysis of the data and interpretation of the study?

The results section summarizes and presents the findings of the study to put them in context with your research question(s). The study's data should be presented in a logical sequence without bias or interpretation.

Which section of a research article includes statistical descriptions of the sample and answers to the research question?

In the Results section, you provide an overall description of the experiments and present the data that you obtained in a logical order, using tables and graphs as necessary. The Results section should simply state your findings without bias or interpretation.

In which section of a research article would a reader find an explanation for the findings?

Definition. The purpose of the discussion section is to interpret and describe the significance of your findings in relation to what was already known about the research problem being investigated and to explain any new understanding or insights that emerged as a result of your research.