In what situation do listeners use automatic processing to process persuasive information?

Persuasion is aimed at attitude change.

	Experts are more persuasive than nonexperts.
	Messages that do not appear to be designed to change our attitudes are often more successful than ones that seem intended to manipulate us in their fashion.
	Attractive communicators are more effective in changing attitudes than unattractive ones.
	People are sometimes more susceptible to persuasion when they are distracted by some extraneous event than when they are paying full attention to what is being said (hecklers).
	Individuals relatively low in self-esteem are often easier to persuade than those who are high in self-esteem (audience's self-esteem).
	When an audience holds attitudes contrary to those of a would-be persuader, it is often more effective for the communicator to adopt a two-sided approach.
	People who speak rapidly are generally more persuasive than persons who speak more slowly.
	Persuasion can be enhanced by messages that arouse strong emotions in the audience, particularly when the message provides specific recommendations about how a change in attitudes or behavior will prevent the negative consequences described in the fear-provoking message.

	The central and peripheral routes of cognition are characteristic of the elaboration likelihood mode.
	Central - such activities as evaluating the strength or rationality of the argument and deciding whether its content agrees or disagrees with current beliefs tend to occur.
	Peripheral - little cognitive work is performed, and attitude change, when it occurs, involves a seemingly automatic response to persuasion cues.
	Individuals will exert more cognitive effort in processing messages from liked than from disliked sources or from liked sources for which such liking has been made more accessible.
	In dealing with persuasive attempts, cognitive activities that focus on the rationality of an argument are characteristic of the central route of the elaboration likelihood model.
	Research reports that a person who is distracted from a message is more likely to be persuaded by that message.
	The elaboration likelihood model explains this by suggesting that distractions prevent people from engaging in central route processing of information.

	When a situation is personally involving, input occurs.
	When personal involvement is low, individuals rely on various heuristics to determine whether or not to change their attitudes.
	Heuristics are more likely to be influential in attitude change when personal involvement is low.
	High personal involvement is equivalent to having a vested interest.
	Heuristic models focus primarily on how attitude change is brought about through persuasion.
	Focuses on how attitude change is brought about through persuasion.

Burger's (1986) cookie-cupcake sale study

Complaints fall into global, obligations, and physical.

In what situation would written communication be preferred to oral communication?

Which of the following is the purposeful manipulation of information by the sender so the receiver will see the information more favorably?

Which of the following is a relatively superficial consideration of evidence and information making use of heuristics?

Which of the following describes communication apprehension?