In _____ organisms learn to associate events—specifically, a behavior and its consequence.

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In what type of conditioning do organisms learn to associate a behavior and its consequence?
In which type of learning to associate responses with their consequences?
In which type of learning do organisms learn the association between two stimuli?
When a person or animal makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together?

A	B
Learning	A systematic , relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.
Behaviorism	A theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, discounting the importance of mental activity such as thinking, wishing, and hoping.
Associative Learning	Learning that oocurs when an organism makes a connection or an association, between two events.
Obsevational Learning	Learning that occurs through observing and imitating another's behavior.
Classical Conditioning	Learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)	A stimulus that produces a response without prior learning.
Unconditioned Response (UR)	An unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the unconditioned stimulus.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)	A previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the conditioned stimulus.
Conditioned Response (CR)	The learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after conditioned stimulus- unconditioned stimulus pairing.
Acquisition	The initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired.
Generalization (in classical conditioning)	The tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response.
Discrimination (in classical conditioning)	The process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others.
Extinction (in classical conditioning)	The weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.
Spontaneous Recovery	The process in classical conditioning by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning.
Renewal	The recovery of the conditioned response when the organism is placed in a novel context.
Counterconditioning	A classical conditioning procedure for changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response.
Aversive Conditioning	A form of treatment that consists of repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus.
Habituation	Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations.
Operant Conditioned or Instrumental Conditioning	A form of associate learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence
Law of Effect	Thorndike's law stating that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and that behaviors folowed by negative outcomes are weakened.
Shaping	Rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior.
Reinforcement	The process by which a stimulus or event (a reinforcer) folowing a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again.
Positive Reinforcement	The presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior.
Negative Reinforcement	The removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior.
Avoidance Learning	An organism's learning that it can altogether avoid negative a negative stimulus by making a particular response.
Learned Helplessness	An organism's learning through experience with negative stimuli that it has no control over negative outcomes.
Primary Reinforcer	A reinforcer that is innately satisfying; one that does not take any learning on the organism's part to make it pleasurable.
Secondary Reinforcer	A reinforcer that acquires its positive value through an organism's experience; a secondary reinforcer is a learned or conditioned reinforcer.
Generalization(In Operant Conditioning)	Performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation.
Discrimination( In Operant Conditioning)	Responding appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced.
Extinction( In Operant Conditioning)	Decreases in the frequency of a behavior when the behavior is no longer reinforced.
Schedules of Reinforcement	Specific patterns that determine when a behavior will be reinforced.
Punishment	A consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur.
Positive Punishment	The presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior.
Negative Punishment	The removal of stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior.
Applied Behavior Analysis or Behavior Modification	The use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior.
Latent Learning or Implicit Learning	Unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior.
Insight Learning	A form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of a problem's solution.
Instinctive Drift	The tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning.
Preparedness	The species-specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways but not others.

In what type of conditioning do organisms learn to associate a behavior and its consequence?

In operant conditioning, organisms learn to associate a behavior and its consequence (Table 6.1). A pleasant consequence makes that behavior more likely to be repeated in the future.

In which type of learning to associate responses with their consequences?

In operant conditioning, we learn to associate a response and its consequences. These associations produce operant behaviors.

In which type of learning do organisms learn the association between two stimuli?

In classical conditioning, organisms learn to associate events that repeatedly happen together, and researchers study how a reflexive response to a stimulus can be mapped to a different stimulus—by training an association between the two stimuli.

When a person or animal makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together?

Associative learning occurs when an organism makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together in the environment.

In _____ organisms learn to associate events—specifically, a behavior and its consequence.

In what type of conditioning do organisms learn to associate a behavior and its consequence?

In which type of learning to associate responses with their consequences?

In which type of learning do organisms learn the association between two stimuli?

When a person or animal makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together?

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