With regard to relationships among financial statements, which of the following is true?

How are the 3 Financial Statements Linked?

The 3 financial statements are all linked and dependent on each other. In financial modeling, your first job is to link all three statements together in Excel, so it’s critical to understand how they’re connected. This is also a common question for investment banking interviews, FP&A interviews, and equity research interviews.  See CFI’s free interview guides to learn more.

In this tutorial, we will break it down for you step-by-step, although we assume you already have a basic understanding of accounting fundamentals and know how to read financial statements.

Want to see a live demonstration?  Watch CFI’s free webinar on how to link the 3 financial statements in Excel.

Accounting Principles

The income statement is not prepared on a cash basis – that means accounting principles such as revenue recognition, matching, and accruals can make the income statement very different from the cash flow statement of the business.  If a company prepared its income statement entirely on a cash basis (i.e., no accounts receivable, nothing capitalized, etc.) it would have no balance sheet other than shareholders’ equity and cash.

It’s the creation of the balance sheet through accounting principles that leads to the rise of the cash flow statement.

Net Income & Retained Earnings

Net income from the bottom of the income statement links to the balance sheet and cash flow statement.  On the balance sheet, it feeds into retained earnings and on the cash flow statement, it is the starting point for the cash from operations section.

PP&E, Depreciation, and Capex

Depreciation and other capitalized expenses on the income statement need to be added back to net income to calculate the cash flow from operations. Depreciation flows out of the balance sheet from Property Plant and Equipment (PP&E) onto the income statement as an expense, and then gets added back in the cash flow statement.

For this section of linking the 3 financial statements, it’s important to build a separate depreciation schedule.

Capital expenditures add to the PP&E account on the balance sheet and flow through cash from investing on the cash flow statement.

Working Capital

Modeling net working capital can sometimes be confusing. Changes in current assets and current liabilities on the balance sheet are related to revenues and expenses on the income statement but need to be adjusted on the cash flow statement to reflect the actual amount of cash received or spent by the business.  In order to do this, we create a separate section that calculates the changes in net working capital.

Financing

This can be a tricky part of linking the three statements and requires some additional schedules.  Financing events such as issuing debt affect all three statements in the following way: the interest expense appears on the income statement, the principal amount of debt owed sits on the balance sheet, and the change in the principal amount owed is reflected on the cash from financing section of the cash flow statement.

In this section, it’s often necessary to model a debt schedule to build in the necessary detail that’s required.

Cash Balance

This is the final step in linking the 3 financial statements. Once all of the above items are linked up properly, the sum of cash from operations, cash from investing, and cash from financing are added to the prior period closing cash balance, and the result becomes the current period closing cash balance on the balance sheet.

This is the moment of truth when you discover whether or not your balance sheet balances!

How to Answer the Question in an Interview

If you get an interview question along the lines of, “How are the 3 financial statements linked together?” in an interview you shouldn’t go into as much detail as above, but instead simply hit the main points, which are:

• Net income from the income statement flows to the balance sheet and cash flow statement
• Depreciation is added back and CapEx is deducted on the cash flow statement, which determines PP&E on the balance sheet
• Financing activities mostly affect the balance sheet and cash from finalizing, except for interest, which is shown on the income statement
• The sum of the last period’s closing cash balance plus this periods cash from operations, investing, and financing is the closing cash balance on the balance sheet

If you want to see a video-based example, watch CFI’s webinar on linking the 3 statements.

How to Link the Financial Statements for Financial Modeling

If you’re building a financial model in Excel it’s critical to be able to quickly link the three statements. In order to do this, there are a few basic steps to follow:

1. Enter at least 3 years of historical financial information for the 3 financial statements.
2. Calculate the drivers/ratios of the business for the historical period.
3. Enter assumptions about what the drivers will be in the future.
4. Build and link the financial statements following the principles discussed above.

The model essentially inverts, where the historical period is hardcoded for the statements and calculations for the drivers, and then the forecast is hardcodes for the drivers and calculations for the financial statements.

Check out CFI’s step-by-step courses to learn how to build financial models in Excel.

Video of Linking the 3 Statements

Watch CFI’s live video demonstration of linking the statements together in Excel.

More Financial Resources

We hope this has been a helpful guide on How the 3 Financial Statements are Linked Together. To keep learning more, please check out these relevant CFI resources:

• Free Cash Flow
• EBITDA
• Debt Schedule
• Complete Financial Modeling Guide
• 3 Statement Model
• DCF Model Guide
• Types of Financial Models
• See all accounting resources