Psychodynamic and Psychoanalytic TherapyThe primary focus of psychodynamic therapy is to uncover the unconscious content of a client's psyche in order to alleviate psychic tension. Show
Learning Objectives Discuss the goals, techniques, and efficacy of psychodynamic therapy Key TakeawaysKey Points
Key Terms
Defining the Psychodynamic Approach" Psychotherapy " is an general term that encompasses a wide variety of approaches to treatment. One such approach is psychodynamic therapy, which studies the psychological forces underlying human behavior, feelings, and emotions, as well as how they may relate to early childhood experience. This theory is especially interested in the dynamic relations between conscious and unconscious motivation; it asserts that behavior is the product of underlying conflicts of which people often have little awareness. The primary focus of psychodynamic therapy is to uncover the unconscious content of a client's psyche in order to alleviate psychic tension. Comparing Psychodynamic and Psychoanalytic Therapies Psychodynamic therapy is similar to psychoanalytic therapy, or psychoanalysis, in that it works to uncover repressed childhood experiences that are thought to explain an
individual's current difficulties. Psychoanalytic therapy is based on the ideas that a person's development is often determined by forgotten events in early childhood, and that human behavior and dysfunction are largely influenced by irrational drives that are rooted in the unconscious. Core Characteristics of the Psychodynamic ApproachPsychodynamic theory emphasizes the systematic study of the psychological forces that underlie human behavior. It is especially interested in the dynamic relations between conscious motivation and unconscious motivation. In the treatment of psychological distress, psychodynamic therapies target the client's inner conflict, from where repressed behaviors and emotions surface into the patient's consciousness. All psychodynamic therapies have a core set of characteristics:
Types of Psychodynamic Therapy There are
several forms of psychodynamic psychotherapy, such as interpersonal therapy (IPT) and person-centered therapy. Person-centered therapy: Person-centered therapy (PCT) is a type of psychodynamic therapy in which the client guides each session and the therapist provides unconditional positive regard. The goal of PCT is to provide clients with an opportunity to develop a sense of self wherein they can realize how their attitudes, feelings, and behaviors are being negatively affected. History of Psychodynamic TherapyPsychodynamic theory was born in 1874 with the works of German scientist Ernst von Brucke, who supposed that all living organisms are energy systems governed by the principle of the conservation of energy. During the same year, medical student Sigmund Freud adopted this new "dynamic" physiology and expanded it to create the original concept of "psychodynamics," in which he suggested that psychological processes are flows of psychological energy (which he termed the "libido") in a complex brain. Freud coined the term "psychoanalysis," and related theories were developed further by Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Melanie Klein, Anna Freud, Erik Erikson, and others. By the mid-1940s and into the 1950s, the general application of the "psychodynamic theory" had been well established. Efficacy of Psychodynamic Therapy The effectiveness of strict psychoanalysis is difficult to gauge; therapy as Freud intended it relies heavily on the interpretation of the therapist and is therefore difficult to prove. The effectiveness of more modern, developed techniques of psychodynamic therapy can be more accurately gauged, however. Meta-analyses in 2012 and 2013 found evidence for the efficacy of psychoanalytic therapy; other meta-analyses published in recent years showed psychoanalysis and
psychodynamic therapy to be effective, with outcomes comparable to or greater than other kinds of psychotherapy or antidepressant drugs. Criticisms of Psychodynamic Therapy Psychoanalysis continues to be practiced by psychiatrists, social workers, and other mental health professionals; however, its practice is less common today than in years past.
Psychodynamic therapy, in contrast, is still commonly used today. Behavior Therapy and Applied Behavioral AnalysisBehavior therapy is based on the idea that maladaptive behavior is learned, and thus adaptive behavior can also be learned. Learning Objectives Discuss the goals, techniques, and efficacy of behavior therapy and applied behavior analysis Key TakeawaysKey Points
Key Terms
Defining the Behavioral Approach and Applied Behavioral Analysis Behavior therapy is a treatment approach that is based on the idea that abnormal behavior is learned. It applies the principles of operant conditioning, classical conditioning, and
observational learning to eliminate inappropriate or maladaptive behaviors and replace them with more adaptive responses. Behavior therapy methods sometimes focus only on behaviors, and sometimes on combinations of thoughts and feelings that might be influencing behaviors. Those who practice behavior therapy, known as behaviorists, tend to look more at specific, learned behaviors and how the environment has an impact on those behaviors. Behaviorists tend to look for treatment outcomes that are
objectively measurable. FoundationsBehaviorism focuses on learning that is brought about by a change in external behavior, achieved through a repetition of desirable actions and the rewarding of good habits and the discouragement of bad habits. There are two basic theories of learning that build the foundation for behaviorism:
Operant Conditioning Approaches Applied behavioral analysis (ABA) is a type of behavior therapy that uses the principles of operant conditioning; it is commonly used in the treatment of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In this treatment, child-specific
reinforcers (e.g., stickers, praise, candy, bubbles, and extra play time) are used to reward and motivate children with ASD when they demonstrate desired behaviors, such as sitting on a chair when requested, verbalizing a greeting, or making eye contact. Punishment such as a timeout or a sharp “No!” from the therapist or parent might be used to discourage undesirable behaviors such as pinching, scratching, and pulling hair. Classical Conditioning Approaches One commonly used classical conditioning therapeutic technique is aversive conditioning, which uses an unpleasant stimulus to stop an undesirable behavior. Therapists apply this technique to eliminate addictive behaviors, such as smoking, nail
biting, and drinking. In aversion therapy, clients will typically engage in a specific behavior (such as nail biting) and at the same time are exposed to something unpleasant, such as a mild electric shock or a bad taste. After repeated associations between the unpleasant stimulus and the behavior, the client can learn to stop the unwanted behavior. Virtual reality therapy: Virtual reality therapy provides realistic, computer-based simulations that involve watching others performing the desired behaviors. Flooding is the general technique in which an individual is exposed to anxiety-provoking stimuli, while at the same time prevented from having any avoidance responses. It is often used to treat phobias, anxiety, and other stress-related disorders. For example, flooding might be used to help a client who is suffering from an intense fear of birds. The individual may
be forced to stay in a room with a harmless bird for an extended period of time and over repeated sessions. The theory is that after a while, the individual will realize that nothing bad is happening and the fear response will diminish. History of Behavior Therapy The first use of the term "behavior modification" appears to have been by Edward Thorndike in 1911. His article "Provisional Laws of Acquired Behavior or Learning" makes frequent use of the phrase "modifying behavior." Through early research in the 1940s and the 1950s the term was used by Joseph Wolpe's research group. In general, behavior therapy is seen as having three distinct points of
origin: South Africa (Wolpe's group), the United States ( B. F. Skinner ), and the United Kingdom (Rachman and Eysenck). Each had its own distinct approach to viewing behavior problems. B. F. Skinner developed the idea of operant conditioning in 1937, when he tested the learning of rats through reinforcement and punishment in what is now called a Skinner box. Ivan Pavlov's famous experiments with dogs provide the most familiar example of the classical-conditioning procedure. Effectiveness of Behavior Therapy Behavior therapy has proven effective in many areas and has been used to address intimacy in couples, relationships, forgiveness, chronic pain, anorexia, chronic distress, substance abuse, depression, anxiety, insomnia, and obesity. Behavioral applications to these problems have left clinicians with considerable tools for enhancing therapeutic effectiveness. Criticism of Behavior Therapy and Applied Behavioral Analysis Applied behavioral analysis has been criticized for trying to
"normalize" the behavior of children with autism; critics argue that children with autism express themselves in different ways that are not pathological, and that ABA pathologizes these behaviors and seeks to re-shape them into more socially acceptable behaviors. Other critics have argued that ABA and other behavior therapies are too rigid in their approach, and that effective treatment requires an acknowledgement of the subconscious as well as observable behaviors. Some have argued that certain
types of behavior therapy may make a patient too dependent on external rewards rather than internal motivation to change. Finally, many have critiqued the use of punishment in certain forms of behavior therapy as inhumane. Cognitive and Cognitive-Behavioral TherapiesCognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies address the interplay between dysfunctional emotions, maladaptive behaviors, and biased cognitions. Learning Objectives Discuss the
goals, techniques, and efficacy of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies Key TakeawaysKey Points
Key Terms
Defining the Cognitive-Behavioral ApproachCognitive therapy (CT) and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) are closely related; however CBT is an umbrella category of therapies that includes cognitive therapy. CBT is a psychotherapeutic approach that addresses dysfunctional emotions, maladaptive behaviors, and cognitive processes through a number of goal-oriented, systematic procedures. The category refers to behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, and therapies based on a combination of basic behavioral and cognitive principles and research, including dialectical behavior therapy. Basic tenets of CBT: The diagram depicts how emotions, thoughts, and behaviors all influence each other. The triangle in the middle represents CBT's tenet that all humans' core beliefs relate to themselves, others, or the future. Centered around that is a feedback loop between behavior, thoughts, and feelings, all of which are the target of CBT. Cognitive Therapy Cognitive therapy seeks to help the client overcome difficulties by identifying and changing dysfunctional thinking and behavior, as well as emotional responses. This involves helping patients to develop skills for modifying beliefs,
identifying distorted thinking, relating to others in different ways, and changing behaviors. Treatment is based on collaboration between the patient and therapist and on testing beliefs.
Cognitive biases: Cognitive biases are maladaptive patterns of judgment, whereby inferences about other people and situations may be drawn in an illogical fashion. The example in this image depicts a common cognitive bias known as black-and-white thinking, in which someone may think in terms of false dichotomies of always/never or right/wrong with no room for grey areas in between. These irrational beliefs take the form of automatic thoughts; cognitive therapy believes that patients suffering from mental illness can be helped if therapists challenge these irrational beliefs. In this way, cognitive therapy encourages people to see that some of their thoughts are mistaken. It has been found that by adjusting these thoughts people's emotional distress can be reduced. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) works to solve current problems and change unhelpful thinking and behavior. The basic tenet of CBT is that emotions (both adaptive and maladaptive) occur because of our interpretation of an event, not because of the event itself. At its most basic level, it is a combination of cognitive therapy and behavioral therapy. While rooted in rather different theories, these two therapy types have been characterized by a constant reference to
experimental research to test hypotheses. Common features of CBT procedures are a focus on the here and now, a directive or guidance role of the therapist, structured psychotherapy sessions, and alleviating patients' symptoms as well as vulnerabilities. Dialectical Behavior Therapy Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is a form of psychotherapy that was originally developed to treat people with
borderline personality disorder (BPD). DBT involves a combination of standard cognitive-behavioral techniques (e.g., reframing, emotion regulation testing) with acceptance approaches (e.g., distress tolerance, mindful awareness). History of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy The modern roots of CBT can be traced to the development of behavior therapy in the early 20th century, the development of cognitive therapy in the 1960s, and the subsequent merging of the two. Groundbreaking work of behavioralism began with Watson's and Rayner's studies of conditioning in 1920.
Behavioral-centered therapeutic approaches appeared as early as 1924 with Mary Cover Jones's work on the unlearning of fears in children. These were the antecedents of the development of Joseph Wolpe's behavioral therapy in the 1950s. During the 1950s and 1960s, behavioral therapy became widely utilized by researchers in the United States, the United Kingdom, and South Africa, who were inspired by the behaviorist learning theories of Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, and Clark L. Hull. Efficacy of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy In adults, CBT has been shown to have effectiveness and a role in the treatment plans for anxiety disorders, depression, eating disorders, chronic low back pain, personality disorders, psychosis, substance use disorders, and in the adjustment, depression, and anxiety associated with fibromyalgia and post-spinal-cord
injuries. Evidence has shown CBT is effective in helping treat schizophrenia, and it is now offered in most treatment guidelines. Some meta-analyses find CBT more effective than psychodynamic therapy and equal to other therapies in treating anxiety and depression. However, psychodynamic therapy may provide better long-term outcomes. Criticisms of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy The research conducted for CBT has been a topic of sustained controversy. While some researchers write that CBT is more effective than other treatments, many other researchers and practitioners have questioned the validity of such claims. A recent meta-analysis
revealed that the positive effects of CBT on depression have been declining since 1977. The overall results showed two different declines in effect sizes: 1) an overall decline between 1977 and 2014, and 2) a steeper decline between 1995 and 2014. Some critics argue that CBT studies have high drop-out rates compared to other treatments. At times, the CBT drop-out rates can be more than five times higher than those of other treatment groups. Humanistic TherapyHumanistic therapy helps individuals access and understand their feelings, gain a sense of meaning in life, and reach self-actualization. Learning Objectives Discuss the goals, techniques, and efficacy of humanistic therapy Key TakeawaysKey Points
Key Terms
Defining the Humanistic ApproachAs a psychotherapeutic treatment approach, humanistic therapy typically holds that people are inherently good. It adopts a holistic approach to human existence and pays special attention to such phenomena as creativity, free will, and human potential. It encourages viewing ourselves as a "whole person" greater than the sum of our parts and encourages self exploration rather than the study of behavior in other people. Humanistic psychology acknowledges spiritual aspiration as an integral part of the human psyche and is linked to the emerging field of transpersonal psychology. Goals of Humanistic TherapyThe aim of humanistic therapy is to help the client develop a stronger, healthier sense of self, as well as access and understand their feelings to help gain a sense of meaning in life. Humanistic theory aims to help the client reach what Rogers and Maslow referred to as self-actualization —the final level of psychological development that can be achieved when all basic and mental needs are essentially fulfilled and the "actualization" of the full personal potential takes place. Humanistic therapy focuses on the individual's strengths and offers non-judgmental counseling sessions. Approaches to Humanistic TherapyEmpathy is one of the most important aspects of humanistic therapy. This idea focuses on the therapist's ability to see the world through the eyes of the client. Without empathy, the therapist is no longer understanding the actions and thoughts of the client from the client's perspective, but is understanding strictly as a therapist, which defeats the purpose of humanistic therapy. Types of Humanistic Therapies In humanistic therapy, there are two widely practiced techniques: gestalt therapy and client-centered therapy. Client-centered therapy: In client-centered therapy, a form of humanistic therapy, one of the goals is to establish a trusting relationship built on empathy and unconditional positive regard. History of Humanistic Therapy Humanistic psychology rose to prominence in the
mid-20th century in response to the limitations of Sigmund Freud 's psychoanalytic theory and B. F. Skinner's behaviorism. With its roots running from Socrates through the Renaissance, this approach emphasizes individuals' inherent drive towards self-actualization, the process of realizing and expressing one's own capabilities, and creativity. Efficacy of Humanistic Therapy Humanistic therapy is used to treat a broad range of people and mental health challenges. It has been used in the treatment of schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, relationship issues, personality disorders, and various addictions, such as alcoholism. Many proponents advocate the idea that it can be useful and effective with any population; however, others have argued that it has limited
effectiveness with individuals who have limited access to education. Certain studies suggest that humanistic therapy is at least as effective as other forms of psychotherapy at producing stable, positive changes over time for clients that engage in this form of treatment. Criticisms of Humanistic Therapy Critics have taken issue with many of the early tenets of humanistic psychology. As with all early psychological approaches, questions have been raised about the lack of empirical evidence used in research. Because of the
subjective nature of the framework, psychologists worry about the fallibility of the humanistic approach. The holistic approach allows for much variation but does not identify enough constant variables to be researched with true accuracy. Psychologists also worry that such an extreme focus on the subjective experience of the individual does little to explain or appreciate the impact of society on personality development. The presence of such a dynamic view of personality also does not seem to
account for apparent continuity in an individual's persona over time. Body-Oriented PsychotherapiesBody-oriented psychotherapies focus on the importance of working with the body in the treatment of mental health issues. Learning Objectives Discuss the goals, techniques, and efficacy of body-oriented psychotherapy Key TakeawaysKey Points
Key Terms
Defining the Body-Oriented Approach
Psychotherapists employ a range of techniques based on experiential relationship-building, dialogue, communication, and behavior change that are designed to improve the mental health of a client or to improve family or group relationships (such as in a family). In addition to the more common forms of psychotherapy (including humanistic, cognitive-behavioral, and psychodynamic approaches), there are several alternative, body-oriented therapies that serve specific purposes. EMDREye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a psychotherapy technique discovered in 1987 by Francine Shapiro for use in the treatment of anxiety, stress, and trauma. The goal of EMDR is to reduce the long-lasting effects of distressing memories by developing more adaptive coping mechanisms. The therapy uses an eight-phase approach that includes having the patient recall distressing images while receiving one of several types of bilateral sensory input, such as side-to-side eye movements. EMDR was originally developed to treat adults with post-traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ); however, it is also used to treat other conditions. Light TherapyLight therapy (also known as phototherapy or heliotherapy) consists of exposure to daylight or to specific wavelengths of light using polychromatic polarized light, fluorescent lamps, or very bight, full-spectrum light. Light is usually controlled with various devices. The light is administered for a prescribed amount of time and, in some cases, at a specific time of day. HypnotherapyHypnotherapy is a form of psychotherapy used to create unconscious change in the patient in the form of new responses, thoughts, attitudes, behaviors, or feelings. Under hypnosis, a person experiences heightened suggestibility and responsiveness. Hypnotherapy: Hypnotherapy is different than the sort of hypnosis performed on stage. It is a form of psychotherapy used to create unconscious change in a person and can be effective in treating many disorders. Yoga TherapyYoga as exercise or alternative medicine is a modern phenomenon that has been influenced by the ancient Indian practice of hatha yoga. It involves holding stretches as a kind of low-impact physical exercise, and is often used for therapeutic purposes. Yoga in this sense often occurs in a class and may involve meditation, imagery, breath work, and music. History of Body-Oriented TherapyBody-oriented therapies are based on the principles of somatic psychology, which was founded by Wilhelm Reich in the 1930s. Reich was the first person to bring body awareness systematically into psychoanalysis and also the first psychotherapist to touch clients physically. Reich's work significantly influenced the development of body psychotherapy; several types of body-oriented psychotherapies trace their origins back to Reich, though there have been many subsequent developments and additional influences. Efficacy of Body-Oriented Therapy A review of body-oriented therapy research finds there is a small but growing empirical-evidence base about the outcomes of these approaches; however, it is weakened by the fragmentation of the field into different branches and schools. Research across eight different schools of body-oriented therapies suggests overall efficacy in symptom reduction, though more research is needed.
The review of outcome research across different types of body-oriented psychotherapy concludes that the best evidence supports efficacy for treating somatoform/psychosomatic disorders and schizophrenia. There is also support for positive effects on subjectively experienced depressive and anxiety symptoms, somatisation, and social insecurity. Criticisms of Body-Oriented Therapy As with many alternative therapies, body-oriented therapy is
criticized for its lack of scientific validation and empirical evidence. Many of the claims regarding the efficacy of body-oriented therapies are considered controversial due to lack of research. Many critics point to the fact that there is no clear explanation or evidence for how or why various body-oriented therapies work. Group TherapyGroup therapy is a form of psychotherapy in which one or more therapists treat a small group of clients together at the same time. Learning Objectives Discuss the goals, techniques, and efficacy of group therapy Key TakeawaysKey Points
Key Terms
Defining the Group-Therapy Approach Group therapy is a form of psychotherapy in which one or more therapists treat a small group of clients together at the same time. Receiving therapy in a group changes the therapist-client relationship dramatically, and therefore affects outcomes. While group therapy is sometimes used alone, it is more often used as part of a greater treatment plan that may include one-on-one
therapy and/or medication. Group dynamics: The group context and group process is explicitly used as a mechanism of change by developing, exploring, and examining interpersonal relationships within the group and seeing them as reflections of what happens in real life. Therapeutic PrinciplesDr. Irvin D. Yalom outlined key therapeutic principles, which are derived from reports of individuals who have undergone group therapy. These principles summarize the benefits of group therapy:
History of Group Therapy The founders of group psychotherapy in the USA were Joseph H. Pratt, Trigant Burrow, and Paul Schilder on the East Coast in the first half of
the 20th century. After World War II, group psychotherapy was further developed by many therapists. In particular, Irvin Yalom's approach to group therapy has been influential not only in the United States but across the world. Efficacy of Group TherapyGroup therapy has proven to be very effective for the treatment of depression and traumatic stress, such as that suffered by sexual abuse survivors and people with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). There is also good evidence for effectiveness with chronic traumatic stress in war veterans. However, there is less robust evidence of good outcomes for patients with borderline personality disorder. These patients may require additional support beyond group therapy. This theory is borne out by the impressive results obtained using mentalization-based treatment, a model that combines group therapy with individual therapy and case management. Clinical cases have shown that the combination of both individual and group therapy is typically the most beneficial for most clients. Criticisms of Group Therapy As mentioned, the term "group therapy" is sometimes loosely used to include support groups and other non-psychiatric groups. Because of this, a person seeking the benefits of group
therapy or a support group may have trouble distinguishing between the many options that exist. Someone looking for the help of a professional psychiatrist may not get the medical attention they need if they enter a more casual group. Additionally, group therapy alone may not be sufficient for some psychiatric disorders. Other Approaches to TherapyExpressive therapies use the creative arts as a form of therapy; systemic therapies emphasize the treatment of a system rather than an individual. Learning Objectives Discuss the goals, techniques, and efficacy of expressive and systemic therapies Key TakeawaysKey Points
Key Terms
Expressive TherapyExpressive therapy, also known as expressive arts therapy and creative arts therapy, is the use of the creative arts as a form of therapy. Unlike traditional art expression, the process of creation is emphasized rather than the final product. Expressive therapy is predicated on the assumption that people can heal through the use of imagination and the various forms of creative expression. Defining Expressive Therapy"Expressive therapy" is a general term for many types of therapy. Some of the most common forms of expressive therapy are:
However, there are many other types of expressive therapy in which creative work is used to promote healing. All expressive therapists share the belief that through creative expression and the tapping of the imagination, a person can examine the body, feelings, emotions, and his or her thought process. Although often separated by the form of creative art, some expressive therapists consider themselves intermodal, using expression in general, rather than a specific discipline, to treat clients, altering their approach based on the client's needs, or through using multiple forms of expression with the same client to aid with deeper exploration. History of Expressive Therapies Only recently have the various forms of expressive therapy begun to be grouped together; however, forms of dance,
music, and art therapy have all existed for a long time. Efficacy of Expressive Therapies Music therapy has been used in the treatment of many psychiatric disorders. Music therapy is used with schizophrenic patients to ameliorate many of the symptoms of the disorder, and individual
studies of patients undergoing music therapy have showed diminished symptoms (such as reduced flattened affect, reduced speech issues, and increased interest in external events). Music therapy has also been found to have numerous significant outcomes for patients with major depressive disorder. A systematic review of five randomized trials found that people with depression generally accepted music therapy, which was found to produce improvements in mood when compared to standard therapy. Criticisms of Expressive TherapyThe expressive therapies, because they are more recent than many types of therapy, have been relatively less studied and as such their mechanisms may not be well-understood. Systemic TherapyIn psychotherapy, systemic therapy seeks to address people not only on the individual level, as had been the focus of earlier forms of therapy, but also as people in relationships, dealing with groups and their interactional patterns and dynamics. Defining Systemic Therapy Systemic therapy should be distinguished from group therapy: in group therapy, individuals with similar treatment
needs meet with one or more therapists and gain additional benefits from the group setting. Systemic therapies, such as family and marital counseling, are designed to treat a system (such as a family unit or a couple) and its interactional patterns and dynamics.
A family therapist usually meets several members of the family at the same time. This has the advantage of making differences between the ways family members perceive mutual relations, as well as interaction patterns in the session, apparent for both the therapist and the family. History of Systemic Therapy Systemic therapy has its roots in family therapy, or more precisely, family systems therapy, as it later came to be known. Early schools of family therapy represented therapeutic adaptations of the larger interdisciplinary field of systems theory, which originated in the fields of biology and physiology. Efficacy of Systemic Therapy According to a 2004 French government study, family and couples therapy was the second most effective therapy after cognitive-behavioral therapy. Of the treatments looked at in the study, family therapy was presumed or proven effective in the treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, anorexia, and alcohol dependency. Criticisms of Systemic Therapy Since issues of interpersonal conflict, power, control, values, and ethics are often more pronounced in systemic therapy than in individual therapy, there has been debate within the profession about the different values that are implicit in the various theoretical models of therapy, as well as the role of the therapist’s own values in the therapeutic process, and how prospective clients should go about finding a therapist whose values and objectives are
most consistent with their own.[33][34][35] Specific issues that have emerged include an increasing questioning of the longstanding notion of therapeutic neutrality, a concern with questions of justice and self-determination, connectedness and independence, "functioning" versus "authenticity," and questions about the degree of the therapist’s "pro-marriage" versus "pro-individual" commitment. Licenses and AttributionsCC licensed content, Shared previously
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Which therapy emphasizes the promotion of healthy thinking and adaptive behaviors?Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is an effective form of psychological treatment that is practiced by many thousands of therapists worldwide. CBT theory suggests that our thoughts, emotions, body sensations, and behavior are all connected, and that what we think and do affects the way we feel.
What is psychodynamic therapy used for?WASHINGTON—Psychodynamic psychotherapy is effective for a wide range of mental health symptoms, including depression, anxiety, panic and stress-related physical ailments, and the benefits of the therapy grow after treatment has ended, according to new research published by the American Psychological Association.
How is psychodynamic therapy different from CBT?Cognitive behavioural therapy sees the process of change as being a relatively short-term process whereas psychodynamic therapy is a long term process of change. The aim of psychodynamic therapy is for the client to gain insight and the aim of cognitive behavioural therapy is change.
Which type of therapy trains people to dispute negative thoughts and attributions to promote healthier thinking and self talk?Cognitive behavioral therapy focuses on changing the automatic negative thoughts that can contribute to and worsen our emotional difficulties, depression, and anxiety.
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