Which statement most accurately represents the relationship between American Schoolsand adolescent work?

No. 95; September 2017

Many parents do not understand why their teenagers occasionally behave in an impulsive, irrational, or dangerous way. At times, it seems like teens don't think things through or fully consider the consequences of their actions. Adolescents differ from adults in the way they behave, solve problems, and make decisions. There is a biological explanation for this difference. Studies have shown that brains continue to mature and develop throughout childhood and adolescence and well into early adulthood.

Scientists have identified a specific region of the brain called the amygdala that is responsible for immediate reactions including fear and aggressive behavior. This region develops early. However, the frontal cortex, the area of the brain that controls reasoning and helps us think before we act, develops later. This part of the brain is still changing and maturing well into adulthood.

Other changes in the brain during adolescence include a rapid increase in the connections between the brain cells and making the brain pathways more effective. Nerve cells develop myelin, an insulating layer that helps cells communicate. All these changes are essential for the development of coordinated thought, action, and behavior.

Changing Brains Mean that Adolescents Act Differently From Adults

Pictures of the brain in action show that adolescents' brains work differently than adults when they make decisions or solve problems. Their actions are guided more by the emotional and reactive amygdala and less by the thoughtful, logical frontal cortex. Research has also shown that exposure to drugs and alcohol during the teen years can change or delay these developments.

Based on the stage of their brain development, adolescents are more likely to:

• act on impulse
• misread or misinterpret social cues and emotions
• get into accidents of all kinds
• get involved in fights
• engage in dangerous or risky behavior

Adolescents are less likely to:

• think before they act
• pause to consider the consequences of their actions
• change their dangerous or inappropriate behaviors

These brain differences don't mean that young people can't make good decisions or tell the difference between right and wrong. It also doesn't mean that they shouldn't be held responsible for their actions. However, an awareness of these differences can help parents, teachers, advocates, and policy makers understand, anticipate, and manage the behavior of adolescents.

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Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Multiple Choice

1.1. Suppose you are a 9-year-old boy under Plato's tutelage. What would you most likely be studying?

a. Philosophy and Greek art b. Sports and music c. Geography and history d. Math and science

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 1.1 Page Reference: 4 Topic: Adolescence in Ancient Times Skill: Applied Answer: b. Sports and music

1.1. Plato, Aristotle, and Saint Augustine all described adolescence as a period that focuses on the struggle between

a. reason and passion. b. math and science. c. storm and stress. d. individualism and globalization.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 1.1 Page Reference: 5 Topic: Adolescence in Ancient Times Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. reason and passion.

1.1. The Children’s Crusade in the Middle Ages was composed mostly of

a. children younger than 10. b. mothers and infants. c. young people in their teens. d. emerging adults.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 1.1 Page Reference: 5 Topic: Adolescence From Early Christian Times Through the Middle Ages Skill: Factual Answer: c. young people in their teens.

1.1. Life-cycle service in the U. faded during the 18th and 19th centuries because

a. individualism was on the rise. b. the plague killed most eligible workers. c. people were having fewer children. d. the economy became more industrialized.

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industrialized. We refer to these countries as

a. developing. b. the West. c. individualized. d. majority cultures.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 1.1 Page Reference: 7 Topic: The Age of Adolescence, 1890 - Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. developing.

1.1. Socioeconomic status refers to a person's

a. social class. b. geographical area. c. economies of scale. d. majority culture.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 1.1 Page Reference: 7 Topic: The Age of Adolescence, 1890 - Skill: Factual Answer: a. social class.

1.1. Leanne's father is a criminal lawyer and her mother is a surgeon. They live in an urban neighborhood with a diversity of cultures. Leanne would be considered

a. high SES. b. middle class. c. low SES. d. spoiled.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 1.1 Page Reference: 7 Topic: The Age of Adolescence, 1890 - Skill: Applied Answer: a. high SES.

1.1. One of the important changes in Western countries, which began to define the "Age of Adolescence," was

a. restrictive child labor laws. b. the advent of social control agencies. c. the teachings of Plato and Aristotle. d. increasing industrialization.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 1.1 Page Reference: 6

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Topic: The Age of Adolescence, 1890- Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. restrictive child labor laws.

1.1. New requirements for children to attend secondary school were crucial in establishing the characteristics of

a. child labor laws. b. life-cycle service. c. modern adolescence. d. emerging adulthood.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 1.1 Page Reference: 6 Topic: The Age of Adolescence, 1890 - Skill: Factual Answer: c. modern adolescence.

1.1. G. Stanley Hall is credited as the initiator of the

a. inventionist movement. b. child labor laws. c. social control agencies. d. child study movement.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 1.1 Page Reference: 8 Topic: The Age of Adolescence, 1890 - Skill: Factual Answer: d. child study movement.

1.1. When conducting survey research, why would one need to make sure the sample is "stratified"?

a. Because random sampling is problematic b. To correspond properly to ethnographic research c. As a symbol of quantitative investigations d. To fairly represent the population of interest

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 1.1 Page Reference: 9 Topic: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. To fairly represent the population of interest

1.1. Phoenix, a research assistant, is going to "draw names out of a hat" to select research participants for his study. Phoenix would be

a. choosing a random sample.

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1.1. According to the text, there are five characteristics that distinguish emerging adulthood from other age periods. Which characteristic does NOT describe emerging adulthood?

a. Age of identity exploration b. Age of stability c. Self-focused age d. Age of possibilities

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 1.1 Page Reference: 10 Topic: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Skill: Factual Answer: b. Age of stability

1.1. Cory is a 20-year-old woman who is not sure about leaving home, about going to college, or about dating Mike. Cory would be considered in a stage of

a. storm and stress. b. exploration. c. individualism. d. adolescence.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 1.1 Page Reference: 10- Topic: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Skill: Applied Answer: b. exploration.

1.1. The goal of being self-focused in emerging adulthood is to

a. create a permanent state as individuals enter adulthood. b. learn to be self-sufficient in adulthood. c. continue feeling in-between adolescence and adulthood. d. allow adolescents an opportunity to experience adult life in brief episodes.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 1.1 Page Reference: 11 Topic: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Skill: Factual Answer: b. learn to be self-sufficient in adulthood.

1.1. When asked about his hopes and expectations for the future, Steve, a 22 -year-old American man, would MOST likely agree with the statement

a. "I am very sure that someday I will get to where I want in life." b. "My education will directly impact whether I will work in a dreary, dead-end job." c. "Knowing 50% of marriages end in divorce, I'm not sure I will have a happy

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marriage." d. "I am sure that I will be married by the time I'm 28 years old."

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 1.1 Page Reference: 11 Topic: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Skill: Applied Answer: a. "I am very sure that someday I will get to where I want in life."

1.1. According to the text, which statement BEST characterizes emerging adulthood as the age of possibilities?

a. This timeframe is viewed as beginning with the first noticeable changes of puberty. b. One feature of this age is emerging adults' reliance on parents' decisions. c. Typically emerging adults have left their families but not committed to new relationships. d. Most emerging adults face dreary, dead-end jobs, bitter divorces, and disappointment.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 1.1 Page Reference: 11 Topic: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Skill: Conceptual Answer: c. Typically emerging adults have left their families but not committed to new relationships.

1.1. While experimentation and exploration characterize the age period between 18-25, one must caution that

a. experimentation creates storm and stress in a young person's life. b. not all young adults experiment and explore. c. all young people will experience the same feelings. d. experimentation and exploration need to be curbed.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 1.1 Page Reference: 11 Topic: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. not all young adults experiment and explore.

1.1. Which scenario best summarizes the ambiguity felt by emerging adults?

a. Tim feels like he never wants to grow up. b. Kari doesn't know what to wear to school today. c. Mallory feels in-between - not quite adolescent, not quite adult. d. Logan wants to know what life was like for his parents.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 1.1 Page Reference: 11

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Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 1.1 Page Reference: 12- Topic: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Skill: Factual Answer: d. postponing adult roles.

1.1. Which statement concerning the developmental period known as emerging adulthood is most accurate?

a. Most adolescents do not move through the emerging adulthood period. b. It is a period marked by experimentation and exploration. c. Emerging adulthood is a period reserved for children with high SES. d. It is best described in terms of Hall's theory of storm and stress.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 1.1 Page Reference: 10- Topic: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. It is a period marked by experimentation and exploration.

1.1. With regard to the notion of "storm and stress" first coined by G. Stanley Hall, a modern psychologist is most likely to believe

a. completely in Hall's definition of storm and stress. b. that storm and stress is derived entirely from peer pressure. c. a "modified" version of storm and stress. d. that storm and stress is purely biological.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 1.1 Page Reference: 12- Topic: The "Storm and Stress" Debate Skill: Conceptual Answer: c. a "modified" version of storm and stress.

1.1. Adolescence is generally viewed as beginning with the

a. first signs of pubertal changes. b. transition from elementary to high school. c. thirteenth birthday. d. attainment of an integrated identity.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 1.1 Page Reference: 9 Topic: The Transition to Adulthood Skill: Factual Answer: a. first signs of pubertal changes.

1.1. For emerging adults, the age of identity explorations is best described by what following scenario?

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years.

do.

a. Celeste still feels like a kid but wants her parents to treat her like a grown up. b. Tony is exploring love and work choices as he decides what he wants to do. c. Brian has always known he wants to be a small business owner. d. Peggy moved to eight different apartments with different roommates in two

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 1.1 Page Reference: 10 Topic: Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Skill: Applied Answer: b. Tony is exploring love and work choices as he decides what he wants to

1.1. Nineteen-year-old William believes that he "became an adult" when he got a job, moved out of his parents' house, and became responsible for "paying his way" and making his own life decisions. William's definition of adulthood best reflects the

a. inexperience of youth. b. legacy of the industrial revolution. c. interdependent values of Western society. d. individualistic values of the American majority culture.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 1.1 Page Reference: 14- Topic: The Transition to Adulthood Skill: Applied Answer: d. individualistic values of the American majority culture.

1.1. Learning to stand alone as a self-sufficient person without relying on anyone else is considered

a. collectivism. b. individualism. c. interdependence. d. correlation.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 1.1 Page Reference: 14 Topic: The Transition to Adulthood, American Style Skill: Factual Answer: b. individualism.

1.1. How would Eva (a young emerging adult from Argentina) differ in her criteria for adulthood from either Adrian (a young American), Mara (an Israeli girl), or Twan (a young South Korean boy)? Unlike the others, Eva knows

a. accepting responsibility is key to adulthood.

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c. completing military service is an important sign of adulthood. d. when she becomes an adult she will support her parents financially.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 1.1 Page Reference: 15 Topic: The Transition to Adulthood: Other Perspectives Skill: Applied Answer: b. that being able to support a family financially is important.

1.1. According to anthropological research, in most traditional, non-Western cultures, a person attains adult status with

a. employment. b. the completion of post-secondary education. c. marriage. d. the completion of military service.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 1.1 Page Reference: 15 Topic: The Transition to Adulthood Skill: Factual Answer: c. marriage.

1.1. The view that marriage is the key transition to adulthood is characteristic of

a. cultures that value interdependence more than independence. b. people raised in large families. c. cultures that face economic hardship. d. individuals who engaged in early dating behavior as adolescents.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 1.1 Page Reference: 15 Topic: The Transition to Adulthood Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. cultures that value interdependence more than independence.

1.1. Which statement best reflects conclusions about traditional cultures based on anthropologists' observations? A person is considered an adult

a. when old enough to vote. b. after marriage. c. with the development of self-control. d. after finishing college.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 1.1 Page Reference: 15 Topic: The Transition to Adulthood Skill: Factual Answer: b. after marriage.

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1.1. In the scientific method, the sample is meant to represent the

a. population. b. hypothesis. c. method. d. researcher.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 1.1 Page Reference: 16 Topic: The Scientific Study of Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Skill: Factual Answer: a. population.

1.1. When scholars who study adolescents and emerging adults select a sample of the population to study, the most important consideration is that the sample

a. is representative of the population they are interested in. b. is small enough to study in a reasonable time frame. c. also contains people they are not interested in studying. d. none of the above.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 1.1 Page Reference: 16 Topic: The Scientific Study of Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Skill: Factual Answer: a. is representative of the population they are interested in.

1.1. The procedure of a research study refers to the

a. legal obligations that must be followed. b. selection of a representative sample. c. way the study is conducted and the data is collected. d. choice of quantitative or qualitative techniques.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 1.1 Page Reference: 16 - Topic: The Scientific Study of Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood Skill: Factual Answer: c. way the study is conducted and the data is collected.

1.1. Consent forms typically include

a. information on the purpose of the study. b. a statement that participation is voluntary. c. information on potential risks and benefits. d. all of these.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 1.1 Page Reference: 18 Topic: The Scientific Study of Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood

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c. neither generalizable nor valid. d. reliable, but not valid.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 1.1 Page Reference: 21 Topic: Methods Used in Research Skill: Applied Answer: d. reliable, but not valid.

1.1. An advantage of questionnaires with a closed question format is that they

a. are easier for the participants to understand. b. facilitate data collection and analysis with large samples. c. are found to have a high degree of validity. d. allow for participants' unique responses.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 1.1 Page Reference: 19 Topic: Methods Used in Research Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. facilitate data collection and analysis with large samples.

1.1. Which of the following studies on adolescents and emerging adults is a large-scale survey with a focus on drug use, as well as on peer relations and educational goals?

a. Monitoring the Future b. Harvard Adolescence Project c. Davis Adolescent Survey d. Youth Ethnography Initiative

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 1.1 Page Reference: 9 Topic: Methods Used in Research Skill: Factual Answer: a. Monitoring the Future

1.1. One limitation of research questionnaires is that

a. these measures may not capture the complexity of the issues being investigated. b. such measures cannot be analyzed efficiently. c. paper and pencil measures are expensive to administer. d. these measures cannot be used in a controlled setting.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 1.1 Page Reference: 19 Topic: Methods Used in Research Skill: Conceptual Answer: a. these measures may not capture the complexity of the issues being investigated.

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1.1. Beryl, a researcher studying adolescents' friendships, wants to understand her research participants' unique lives in-depth and from their own perspectives. The best choice of method would be

a. experience sampling method. b. interviews. c. questionnaires. d. observations.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 1.1 Page Reference: 19- Topic: Methods Used in Research Skill: Applied Answer: b. interviews.

1.1. One of the reasons that more research studies are conducted using questionnaires than using interviews is that

a. questionnaires are more valid than interviews. b. interviews are not as reliable as questionnaires. c. coding interview data takes considerable time, effort, and money. d. questionnaire data is the most likely to be generalizable.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 1.1 Page Reference: 20 Topic: Methods Used in Research Skill: Factual Answer: c. coding interview data takes considerable time, effort, and money.

1.1. Living amongst and observing the people being studied is most closely associated with which of the following research methods?

a. Biological measurement b. Ethnographic research c. Interview method d. Experience sampling

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 1.1 Page Reference: 20 Topic: Methods Used in Research Skill: Conceptual Answer: b. Ethnographic research

1.1. Margaret Mead's ethnographic research challenged Hall's claim that adolescent "storm and stress" has a universal biological basis. Mead's finding is based upon which of the following?

a. Most Samoan youth studied went through adolescence with a minimum of turmoil.

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1.1. According to the text, another area of adolescent research for which the experimental research method is commonly used is interventions. What scenario BEST describes an intervention?

a. People who spend a considerable amount of time among the people they wish to study. b. Designing a program to promote critical thinking to help teens stop smoking. c. Measuring biological changes like timing and pacing of different aspects of physical development during puberty. d. Having young people wear watches with beepers to help them record a variety of experiences at random times during the day.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 1.1 Page Reference: 21- Topic: Methods Used in Research Skill: Applied Answer: b. Designing a program to promote critical thinking to help teens stop smoking.

1.1. Twin studies are a kind of a

a. peer-review. b. microsystem. c. causation. d. natural experiment.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 1.1 Page Reference: 22 Topic: Methods Used in Research Skill: Conceptual Answer: d. natural experiment.

1.1. Which statement most accurately represents the relation between theory and research?

a. Theory exclusively drives research; all research is based on established theory. b. Research never initiates theory; sound theory arises from new discoveries. c. Theory and research generate research; research modifies theory, which leads to further research. d. Theory and research arise separately; scholars of theory rarely enter the realm of research.

Difficulty: 2 Question ID: 1.1 Page Reference: 17- Topic: Analysis and Interpretation Skill: Conceptual Answer: c. Theory and research generate research; research modifies theory, which leads to further research.

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1.1. A teacher who believes that adolescents experience ongoing turmoil and mood swings has beliefs similar to those of

a. M. Mead. b. B. Whiting. c. D. Davis. d. A. Freud.

Difficulty: 3 Question ID: 1.1 Page Reference: 13 Topic: Analysis and Interpretations Skill: Applied Answer: d. A. Freud.

1.1. African cultures have strengths in their tradition of

a. independence. b. small families. c. familial conflict. d. large families.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 1.1 Page Reference: 25 Topic: Adolescence Around the World Skill: Factual Answer: d. large families.

1.1. Discussion of family rules in Muslim families is

a. encouraged. b. decreasing. c. overlooked. d. uncommon.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 1.1 Page Reference: 26 Topic: Adolescence Around the World Skill: Factual Answer: d. uncommon.

1.1. A distinctive feature of Indian culture is

a. Confucianism. b. filial piety. c. the high literacy rates. d. the caste system.

Difficulty: 1 Question ID: 1.1 Page Reference: 27

Which statement most accurately represents the relationship between theory and research quizlet?

What percentage of American emerging adults attend college after graduating from high school approximately?

Which statement concerning gender differences and school achievement differences is most accurate quizlet?

Which of the following scholars proposed the theory of the adolescent identity crisis?