Which of these is not an element of employee’s cognitive evaluation of feedback?

Essentials of Organizational Behavior, 15e (Robbins) Chapter 7 Motivation Concepts

1. ________ is defined as the processes that account for an individual's intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal. A) Leadership B) Management C) Selective perception D) Emotional labor E) Motivation Answer: E Explanation: Motivation is defined as the processes that account for an individual's intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal. Diff: 1 AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest. Category: Concept LO: 7 Describe the three key elements of motivation.

2. Motivation can be defined by three key elements. ________ is one of these three key elements and it is the element most of us focus on when we talk about motivation. A) Intelligence B) Experience C) Expertise D) Intensity E) Knowledge Answer: D Explanation: Intensity describes how hard a person tries. This is the element most of us focus on when we talk about motivation. Diff: 2 AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest. Category: Concept LO: 7 Describe the three key elements of motivation.

3. Motivation has a persistence dimension. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Persistence is one of the dimensions of motivation because motivation is defined as the processes that account for an individual's intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal. Diff: 1 AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest. Category: Concept LO: 7 Describe the three key elements of motivation.

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1. How are intensity and persistence related to the concept of motivation? Answer: Motivation is defined as the processes that account for an individual's intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal. Intensity describes how hard a person tries. The persistence dimension measures how long a person can maintain effort. In other words, motivated individuals work intensely on an appropriate task, long enough to achieve their goals. Diff: 3 AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest. Category: Concept LO: 7 Describe the three key elements of motivation.

2. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following is at the bottom of the hierarchy? A) Social B) Safety C) Esteem D) Self-actualization E) Physiological Answer: E Explanation: At the bottom of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is physiological needs—hunger, thirst, shelter, sex, and other bodily needs. Diff: 1 AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest. Category: Concept LO: 7 Compare the early theories of motivation.

3. In Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, which of the following needs would self-respect and autonomy fall under? A) Physiological B) Safety-security C) Social-belongingness D) Esteem E) Self-actualization Answer: D Explanation: According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, internal factors such as self- respect, autonomy, and achievement would fall under one's esteem needs. Diff: 2 AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest. Category: Concept LO: 7 Compare the early theories of motivation.

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1. According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, job security and company policies would be examples of ________ factors. A) esteem B) physiological C) hygiene D) security E) social Answer: C Explanation: In the two-factor theory, job security and company policies would be hygiene factors—factors that, when adequate in a job, placate workers and limit job dissatisfaction. Diff: 1 AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest. Category: Concept LO: 7 Compare the early theories of motivation.

2. Which of the following statements is true according to the two-factor theory? A) The hygiene factors tend to be intrinsic factors. B) Factors that lead to job satisfaction are extrinsic factors. C) Adequate hygiene factors ensure that people are not dissatisfied. D) Recognition is a hygiene factor. E) Hygiene factors lead to job satisfaction. Answer: C Explanation: According to Herzberg, the factors that lead to job satisfaction are separate and distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfaction. Intrinsic factors such as advancement, recognition, responsibility, and achievement seem related to job satisfaction. Extrinsic factors are related to job dissatisfaction and these factors are called hygiene factors. Diff: 2 AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest. Category: Concept LO: 7 Compare the early theories of motivation.

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1. In a down economy, the only job that Raymond could find was that of a plant supervisor at an auto component manufacturer. The plant is located in an old, run-down building with an antiquated heating system. The work itself is tedious, in that it involves doing repetitious things on an assembly line. The labor-management relationship is poor and the only interaction that appears to happen between shift supervisors and employees is when supervisors reprimand workers for tardiness or sloppy work. Raymond is trying to improve this situation with the help of Herzberg's two-factor theory. He has decided that his first step should be to improve the hygiene factors. Which of the following should Raymond attend to first? A) The working conditions in the plant B) Forming employee social groups C) An "employee of the month" scheme D) Growth opportunities for employees E) Promotion prospects for employees Answer: A Explanation: Hygiene factors—such as working conditions—cause dissatisfaction when they are not present. Unless Raymond attends to them first, he cannot address the motivation of his employees. Diff: 2 AACSB: Reflective Thinking Quest. Category: Application LO: 7 Compare the early theories of motivation.

2. Regardless of the criticisms, Herzberg's two-factor theory has been quite influential and has been used in many studies in countries such as ________ and ________. A) Portugal; Spain B) Japan; India C) Germany; France D) Australia; New Zealand E) Chile; Argentina Answer: B Explanation: Herzberg's theory has been used in many studies in Asian countries such as Japan and India. Diff: 2 AACSB: Diverse and Multicultural Work Environments Quest. Category: Concept LO: 7 Compare the early theories of motivation.

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1. A local church is made up of people who are very different in their lifestyles and their stages of life. Mary is a 23-year-old single parent who earns the minimum wage. Jonathan is 60 years old, extremely wealthy, and works because he enjoys it. Jane is a 45-year-old lawyer who earns well and is well-respected in her profession. She is extremely career-oriented and is proud of her achievements. Which of the following do you think would motivate Jonathan the most? A) More vacation time B) More responsibility C) Greater career growth D) More money E) A greater sense of inner peace Answer: E Explanation: Because Jonathan is extremely wealthy and works because he enjoys it, he is more likely to be seeking self-actualization, which includes aspects such as achieving our potential and self-fulfillment. Diff: 2 AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest. Category: Application LO: 7 Compare the early theories of motivation.

2. You manage a department of five employees. You have identified that Joe has high need for achievement, Mary has high need for power, and Tim has high need for affiliation. Sarah scored high on the need for power and low on the need for affiliation. Doug scores low on both need for power and need for affiliation. Which of these five employees is most likely to be suitable for a new assignment that involves a high degree of personal responsibility and feedback? A) Joe B) Mary C) Tim D) Sarah E) Doug Answer: A Explanation: Joe's need for achievement (nAch) stimulates a drive to excel, to achieve in relation to a set of standards, and to strive to succeed. Joe would enjoy a challenging assignment with a high degree of personal responsibility and feedback. Diff: 2 AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest. Category: Application LO: 7 Compare the early theories of motivation.

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1. You manage a department of five employees. You have identified that Joe has high need for achievement, Mary has high need for power, and Tim has high need for affiliation. Sarah scored high on the need for power and low on the need for affiliation. Doug scores low on both need for power and need for affiliation. Which of these five employees would be best suited as a mentor to new employees with a chance to develop friendships? A) Joe B) Mary C) Tim D) Sarah E) Doug Answer: C Explanation: Tim's high score in affiliation demonstrates the desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships. He would be a good relationship builder. Diff: 2 AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest. Category: Application LO: 7 Compare the early theories of motivation.

2. You manage a department of five employees. You have identified that Joe has high need for achievement, Mary has high need for power, and Tim has high need for affiliation. Sarah scored high on the need for power and low on the need for affiliation. Doug scores low on both need for power and need for affiliation. Which of these five employees is most suitable for taking on your responsibilities when you are on a vacation? A) Joe B) Mary C) Tim D) Sarah E) Doug Answer: D Explanation: The best managers are high in their need for power and low in their need for affiliation. Sarah has high need for power and low need for affiliation. Diff: 3 AACSB: Reflective Thinking Quest. Category: Application LO: 7 Compare the early theories of motivation.

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1. According to the two-factor theory proposed by Herzberg, which of the following factors is considered a hygiene factor? A) Promotional opportunity B) Quality of supervision C) Achievement D) Recognition E) Responsibility Answer: B Explanation: Two-factor theory relates intrinsic factors such as promotional opportunities, personal growth opportunities, recognition, responsibility, and achievement to job satisfaction and associates extrinsic factors with dissatisfaction. Conditions such as quality of supervision, pay, company policies, physical working conditions, relationships with others, and job security are considered hygiene factors or extrinsic factors. Diff: 2 AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest. Category: Concept LO: 7 Compare the early theories of motivation.

2. Which theory would be associated with a statement such as ,"Removing dissatisfying characteristics from a job does not necessarily make the job satisfying; managers would be placating, rather than motivating, the employees"? A) Hierarchy of needs theory B) Self-determination theory C) Two-factor theory D) Cognitive evaluation theory E) Theory of needs Answer: C Explanation: The statement identifies what are called hygiene factors in Frederick Herzberg's two-factor theory. When they are adequate, such factors placate workers in a job and limit job dissatisfaction. Diff: 2 AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest. Category: Concept LO: 7 Compare the early theories of motivation.

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1. The two-factor theory proposes that ________. A) within every human being, there exists a hierarchy of five needs and as each of these needs becomes substantially satisfied, the next one becomes dominant B) employees inherently dislike work and must therefore be directed or even coerced into performing it C) employees can view work as being as natural as rest or play, and therefore the average person can learn to accept, and even seek, responsibility D) the factors that lead to job satisfaction are separate and distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfaction E) achievement, power, and affiliation are three important needs that help explain motivation Answer: D Explanation: The two-factor theory proposes that the factors that lead to job satisfaction are separate and distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfaction. Diff: 3 AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest. Category: Application LO: 7 Compare the early theories of motivation.

2. McClelland's theory of needs concentrates on which three needs? A) Achievement, growth, and security B) Achievement, power, and affiliation C) Self-actualization, stability, and affiliation D) Affiliation, control, and security E) Control, status, and affiliation Answer: B Explanation: McClelland's theory of needs states that achievement (need for achievement, nAch), power (need for power, nPow), and affiliation (need for affiliation, nAff) are three important needs that help explain motivation. Diff: 2 AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest. Category: Concept LO: 7 Compare the early theories of motivation.

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1. According to Herzberg, advancement, recognition, responsibility, and achievement are hygiene factors. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Per Herzberg, examples of hygiene factors would be job security and physical work conditions, not advancement, recognition, responsibility, and achievement. Diff: 1 AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest. Category: Concept LO: 7 Compare the early theories of motivation.

2. Why is Herzberg's two-factor theory criticized? Answer: While influential, Herzberg's two-factor theory faces a number of shortcomings. First, the theory has not been well supported in research. Criticisms center on Herzberg's original methodology and his assumptions, such as how the participants may be biased in thinking back to times when they felt good or bad about their jobs. Second, if hygiene and motivational factors are equally important to a person, both should be capable of motivating. Diff: 3 AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest. Category: Concept LO: 7 Compare the early theories of motivation.

3. How does the question, "What do people want from their jobs?" help us understand the two- factor theory? Answer: Psychologist Frederick Herzberg tried to understand motivation by wondering what people wanted from their jobs. He asked people to describe, in detail, situations in which they felt exceptionally good or bad about their jobs. What he found was that the responses differed significantly. This led him to formulate his two-factor theory, that essentially says the factors leading to job satisfaction are separate and distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfaction. Conditions surrounding the job such as quality of supervision, pay, company policies, physical working conditions, relations with others, and job security were characterized by Herzberg as hygiene factors. When they are adequate, people will not be dissatisfied; neither will they be satisfied. If we want to motivate people on their jobs, Herzberg suggested emphasizing factors associated with the work itself or to outcomes directly derived from it, such as promotional opportunities, opportunities for personal growth, recognition, responsibility, and achievement. These are the characteristics that people find intrinsically rewarding. Diff: 3 AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest. Category: Concept LO: 7 Compare the early theories of motivation.

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1. Differentiate motivators from hygiene factors. Answer: Conditions surrounding the job such as quality of supervision, pay, company policies, physical working conditions, relations with others, and job security were characterized by Herzberg as hygiene factors. When hygiene factors are adequate, people will not be dissatisfied. Herzberg suggested that factors associated with the work itself or outcomes directly derived from it, such as promotional opportunities, opportunities for personal growth, recognition, responsibility, and achievement are motivators. These are the characteristics that people find intrinsically rewarding. These factors are motivators. Diff: 3 AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest. Category: Concept LO: 7 Compare the early theories of motivation.

2. According to McClelland's theory of needs, what type of job is preferred by those employees who have high need for achievement? Answer: Individuals with a high need to achieve prefer job situations with personal responsibility, feedback, and an intermediate degree of risk. When these characteristics are prevalent, high achievers will be strongly motivated. The evidence consistently demonstrates, for instance, that high achievers are successful in entrepreneurial activities such as running their own businesses and managing a self-contained unit within a large organization. A high need to achieve does not necessarily lead to being a good manager, especially in large organizations. People with a high achievement need are interested in how well they do personally and not in influencing others to do well. Diff: 3 AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest. Category: Concept LO: 7 Compare the early theories of motivation.

3. Which of the following theories is a meta-theory of motivation at work that is concerned with autonomy, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and the satisfaction of psychological work needs? A) Theory of needs B) Motivation-hygiene theory C) Two-factor theory D) Self-determination theory E) Goal setting theory Answer: D Explanation: Self-determination theory is a meta theory (or a collection of related theories behind a common theme) that is concerned with autonomy, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and the satisfaction of psychological work needs. Diff: 2 AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest. Category: Concept LO: 7 Contrast the elements of self-determination theory and goal-setting theory.

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1. Intrinsic motivation contributes to the ________ of work; incentives contribute to the ________ of work. A) quality; quality B) quality; quantity C) quality; outcome D) quantity; quality E) quantity; quantity Answer: B Explanation: Research confirms that intrinsic motivation contributes to the quality of work, while incentives contribute to the quantity of work. Although intrinsic motivation predicts performance whether or not there are incentives, it may therefore be less of a predictor when incentives are tied to performance directly (such as with monetary bonuses) rather than indirectly. Diff: 2 AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest. Category: Concept LO: 7 Contrast the elements of self-determination theory and goal-setting theory.

2. What can be an unintended result of goal-setting? A) Employees might bond together. B) Employees might become hyper competitive. C) Employees might act in unethical manners. D) Employees might improve their performance. E) All options may be an unintended result of goal setting. Answer: C Explanation: The time pressures associated with meeting a goal/deadline might cause some employees to act in an unethical manner as to avoid looking bad. Diff: 2 AACSB: Ethical Understanding and Reasoning Quest. Category: Critical Thinking LO: 7 Contrast the elements of self-determination theory and goal-setting theory.

3. ________ indicates how strongly people's reasons for pursuing goals are consistent with their interests and core values. A) Selective perception B) Positivity offset C) Cognitive dissonance D) Emotional contagion E) Self-concordance Answer: E Explanation: Self-concordance indicates how strongly people's reasons for pursuing goals are consistent with their interests and core values. If individuals pursue goals because of an intrinsic interest, they are more likely to attain their goals and are happy even if they do not. Diff: 2 AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest. Category: Concept LO: 7 Contrast the elements of self-determination theory and goal-setting theory.

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1. Goals seem to have a more substantial effect on performance when the ________. A) goals are generalized (like "Do your best") rather than specific B) tasks are complex rather than simple C) tasks are novel rather than well learned D) goals are easy rather than difficult E) tasks are independent rather than interdependent Answer: E Explanation: Specific goals produce a higher level of output than does the generalized goal of "do your best." Difficult goals, when accepted, result in higher performance than do easy goals. The evidence suggests goals seem to have a more substantial effect on performance when tasks are simple rather than complex, well learned rather than novel, and independent rather than interdependent. Diff: 2 AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest. Category: Concept LO: 7 Contrast the elements of self-determination theory and goal-setting theory.

2. Which of the following is a self-regulation strategy that involves striving for goals through advancement and accomplishment? A) Locus of control focus B) Actualization focus C) Promotion focus D) Prevention focus E) Efficacy focus Answer: C Explanation: People differ in the way they regulate their thoughts and behaviors during goal pursuit. Those with a promotion focus strive for advancement and accomplishment, and approach conditions that move them closer toward desired goals. Diff: 2 AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest. Category: Concept LO: 7 Contrast the elements of self-determination theory and goal-setting theory.

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1. Which of the following is a key feature of management by objectives (MBO) programs? A) Profit-driven framework B) Industry-specific heuristics C) Cascading objectives D) Autocratic goal setting E) Hierarchy of needs approach Answer: C Explanation: In a management by objectives (MBO) program, the organization's overall objectives are translated into specific cascading objectives for each level (divisional, departmental, individual). Diff: 1 AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest. Category: Concept LO: 7 Contrast the elements of self-determination theory and goal-setting theory.

2. Which of the following statements is true regarding a management by objective (MBO) program? A) Many elements in MBO programs match propositions of cognitive evaluation theory. B) MBO strongly advocates that the goals should be assigned by the managers without the employees participating in the goal setting process. C) MBO programs set generalized rather than specific goals. D) MBO programs involve explicit time periods. E) MBO programs strongly discourage providing performance feedback because it can have negative effects on employee motivation. Answer: D Explanation: Many elements in MBO programs match propositions of goal-setting theory. Four ingredients are common to MBO programs: goal specificity, participation in decision making (including participation in the setting of goals or objectives), an explicit time period, and performance feedback. Diff: 2 AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest. Category: Concept LO: 7 Contrast the elements of self-determination theory and goal-setting theory.

3. Self-determination theory is an example of a meta-theory. Answer: TRUE Explanation: A meta-theory is a collection of theories behind a common theme. Self- determination theory is a meta-theory because it contains several sub-theories, including cognitive evaluation theory and self-concordance theory. Diff: 1 AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest. Category: Concept LO: 7 Contrast the elements of self-determination theory and goal-setting theory.

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1. Cognitive evaluation theory suggests that extrinsic rewards will reduce intrinsic interest in a task. Answer: TRUE Explanation: According to cognitive evaluation theory, when people are paid for work (extrinsic reward), it feels less like something they want to do (intrinsic reward) and more like something they must do. Diff: 1 AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest. Category: Concept LO: 7 Contrast the elements of self-determination theory and goal-setting theory.

2. What is self-determination theory? Answer: Self-determination theory is a meta theory, a collection of related theories behind a common theme, of motivation at work that is concerned with autonomy, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and the satisfaction of psychological work needs. It is widely used and contains several sub-theories, including cognitive evaluation theory and self-concordance theory. Diff: 2 AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest. Category: Concept LO: 7 Contrast the elements of self-determination theory and goal-setting theory.

3. According to expectancy theory, which of the following terms refers to the relationship between performance and reward? A) Instrumentality B) Expectancy C) Valence D) Congruence E) Divergence Answer: A Explanation: According to expectancy theory, the performance-reward relationship deals with instrumentality. Diff: 2 AACSB: Analytical Thinking Quest. Category: Concept LO: 7 Demonstrate the differences among self-efficacy theory, reinforcement theory, and expectancy theory.

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What refer to our beliefs about what is right or wrong good vs evil virtuous vs corrupt?

Which of the following are the two ways to make the response less likely to recur?

Does motivation arises out of an interaction between a person and a particular situation?