The kind of defence mechanism in which anxiety provoking behaviours or thoughts are totally dismissed by the unconscious is -
Show
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)Option 2 : Repression Free Child Development and Pedagogy - 1 15 Questions 15 Marks 15 Mins Defence mechanisms are learned and designed to tackle self-devaluation, anxiety, and hurt and operate automatically at habitual levels. Conflicts, tension, and anxiety are inevitable in human life.
Key PointsRepression: In repression, anxiety-provoking behaviors or thoughts are totally dismissed by the unconscious. Unwanted or unacceptable thoughts, feelings, memories are pushed into the unconscious because their recall may be painful or fearful. Many women repress sexual abuse.
Thus, it is concluded that the kind of defense mechanism in which anxiety-provoking behaviors or thoughts are totally dismissed by the unconscious is repression. Hint
Last updated on Sep 15, 2022 UTET 2022 Admit Card released on 15th September 2022. The exam is scheduled to be held on 30th September 2022. The Uttarakhand Board of School Education had released the notification for Uttarakhand Teacher Eligibility Test (UTET) 2022. The UTET is a state-level eligibility examination for the recruitment of teachers in institutions across the state of Uttarakhand.
10 Defense Mechanisms: What Are They and How They Help Us CopeBy Dr. Saul McLeod, updated 2020 Sigmund Freud (1894, 1896) noted a number of ego defenses which he refers to throughout his written works. Anna Freud (1936) developed these ideas and elaborated on them, adding ten of her own. <span id="ezoic-pub-video-placeholder-5" class="ezoic-videopicker-video"></span></p><div id="ez-video-wrap-3c6bfb5a867054b44f5fbd55edc5126284b921c9" class="ez-video-wrap" style="align-self:stretch;margin-top:15px!important;margin-bottom:15px!important"><div style="max-width:426px" class="ez-video-center"><div id="floating-placeholder-3c6bfb5a867054b44f5fbd55edc5126284b921c9" class="floating-placeholder" style="display:none"><div id="floating-placeholder-sizer-3c6bfb5a867054b44f5fbd55edc5126284b921c9" class="floating-placeholder-sizer"></div></div><div id="ez-video-container-3c6bfb5a867054b44f5fbd55edc5126284b921c9" class="ez-video-container ez-float-right" style="flex-wrap:wrap"><div class="ez-video-ez-stuck-bar" id="ez-video-ez-stuck-bar"><div class="ez-video-ez-stuck-title" id="ez-video-stuck-title-3c6bfb5a867054b44f5fbd55edc5126284b921c9">Defense Mechanisms</div><div class="ez-video-ez-stuck-close vjs-icon-cancel" id="ez-video-ez-stuck-close" onclick="document.getElementById('ezmobfooter').style.display='none';"><span class="vjs-icon-placeholder"></span></div></div><video id="ez-video-3c6bfb5a867054b44f5fbd55edc5126284b921c9" class="video-js vjs-16-9 ez-vid-placeholder" controls preload="metadata"><p class="vjs-no-js">Please enable JavaScript</p></video><div id="lds-ring-3c6bfb5a867054b44f5fbd55edc5126284b921c9" class="lds-ring"><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div></div><div id="ez-video-links-3c6bfb5a867054b44f5fbd55edc5126284b921c9" style="position:absolute"></div></div><a id="ez-video-link-3c6bfb5a867054b44f5fbd55edc5126284b921c9" class="ez-video-link" href="https://www.simplypsychology.org/humix/video/3c6bfb5a867054b44f5fbd55edc5126284b921c9" target="_blank">Defense Mechanisms</a></div></div> <span id="ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-888"></span> <blockquote> <p>Defense mechanisms are psychological strategies that are unconsciously used to protect a person from <a target="_blank" href="https://www.simplypsychology.org/anxiety-disorders.html">anxiety</a> arising from unacceptable thoughts or feelings. According to Freudian theory, defense mechanismss involve a distortion of relaity in wome way so that we are better able to cope with a situation. </p> </blockquote> <p> </p><span id="ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-113"></span><span class="ezoic-ad ezoic-at-0 medrectangle-3 medrectangle-3113 adtester-container adtester-container-113" data-ez-name="simplypsychology_org-medrectangle-3"><span id="div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-medrectangle-3-0" ezaw="728" ezah="90" style="position:relative;z-index:0;display:inline-block;padding:0;min-height:90px;min-width:728px" class="ezoic-ad"><script data-ezscrex="false" data-cfasync="false" type="text/javascript" style="display:none">if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[728,90],'simplypsychology_org-medrectangle-3','ezslot_2',113,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-medrectangle-3-0'); Why do we need Ego defenses?We use defense mechanisms to protect ourselves from feelings of anxiety or guilt, which arise because we feel threatened, or because our id or superego becomes too demanding. Defense mechanisms operate at an unconscious level and help ward off unpleasant feelings (i.e., anxiety) or make good things feel better for the individual. Ego-defense mechanisms are natural and normal. When they get out of proportion (i.e., used with frequency), neuroses develop, such as anxiety states, phobias, obsessions, or hysteria.
1. Denial
If a situation is just too much to handle, the person may respond by refusing to perceive it or by denying that it exist. As you might imagine, this is a primitive and dangerous defense - no one disregards reality and gets away with it for long! It can operate by itself or, more commonly, in combination with other, more subtle mechanisms that support it. What is an example of denial?Many people use denial in their everyday lives to avoid dealing with painful feelings or areas of their life they don’t wish to admit. For example, a husband may refuse to recognise obvious signs of his wife’s infidelity. A student may refuse to recognise their obvious lack of preparedness for an exam! 2. Repression
Repression, which Anna Freud also called "motivated forgetting," is just that: not being able to recall a threatening situation, person, or event. Thoughts that are often repressed are those that would result in feelings of guilt from the superego. This is not a very successful defense in the long term since it involves forcing disturbing wishes, ideas or memories into the unconscious, where, although hidden, they will create anxiety. Repressed memories may appear through subconscious means and in altered forms, such as dreams or slips of the tongue ('Freudian slips'). What is an example of repression?For example, in the oedipus complex, aggressive thoughts about the same sex parents are repressed and pushed down into the unconscious. 3. Projection
Projection, which Anna Freud also called displacement outward, is almost the complete opposite of turning against the self. It involves the tendency to see your own unacceptable desires in other people. In other words, the desires are still there, but they're not your desires anymore. What is an example of projection?Thoughts most commonly projected onto another are the ones that would cause guilt such as aggressive and sexual fantasies or thoughts. For instance, you might hate someone, but your superego tells you that such hatred is unacceptable. You can 'solve' the problem by believing that they hate you. 4. Displacement
Displacement occurs when the Id wants to do something of which the Super ego does not permit. The Ego thus finds some other way of releasing the psychic energy of the Id. Thus there is a transfer of energy from a repressed object-cathexis to a more acceptable object. Turning against the self is a very special form of displacement, where the person becomes their own substitute target. It is normally used in reference to hatred, anger, and aggression, rather than more positive impulses, and it is the Freudian explanation for many of our feelings of inferiority, guilt, and depression. The idea that depression is often the result of the anger we refuse to acknowledge is accepted by many people, Freudians and non-Freudians alike. What is an example of displacement?Someone who feels uncomfortable with their sexual desire for a real person may substitute a fetish. Someone who is frustrated by his or her superiours may go home and kick the dog, beat up a family member, or engage in cross-burnings. 5. Regression
Regression functions as form of retreat, enabling a person to psychologically go back in time to a period when the person felt safer. What is an example of regression?When we are troubled or frightened, our behaviors often become more childish or primitive. A child may begin to suck their thumb again or wet the bed when they need to spend some time in the hospital. Teenagers may giggle uncontrollably when introduced into a social situation involving the opposite sex. 6. Sublimation
Sublimation for Freud was the cornerstone of civilized life, as arts and science are all sublimated sexuality. (NB. this is a value-laden concept, based on the aspirations of a European society at the end of the 1800 century). What is an example of sublimation?Many great artists and musicians have had unhappy lives and have used the medium of art of music to express themselves. Sport is another example of putting our emotions (e.g., aggression) into something constructive. For example, fixation at the oral stage of development may later lead to seeking oral pleasure as an adult through sucking one's thumb, pen or cigarette. Also, fixation during the anal stage may cause a person to sublimate their desire to handle faeces with an enjoyment of pottery. 7. Rationalization
But for many people, with sensitive egos, making excuses comes so easy that they never are truly aware of it. In other words, many of us are quite prepared to believe our lies. What is an example of rationalization?When a person finds a situation difficult to accept, they will make up a logical reason why it has happened. For example, a person may explain a natural disaster as 'God's will'. 8. Reaction Formation
Conscious behaviors are adopted to overcompensate for the anxiety a person feels regarding their socially unacceptable unconscious thoughts or emotions. Usually, a reaction formation is marked by exaggerated behavior, such as showiness and compulsiveness. By using the reaction formation, the id is satisfied while keeping the ego in ignorance of the true motives. Therapists often observe reaction formation in patients who claim to strongly believe in something and become angry at everyone who disagrees. What is an example of reaction formation?Freud claimed that men who are prejudice against homosexuals are making a defense against their own homosexual feelings by adopting a harsh anti-homosexual attitude which helps convince them of their heterosexuality. Another example of reaction formation includes the dutiful daughter who loves her mother is reacting to her Oedipus hatred of her mother. 9 Introjection
Introjection is very important to Freudian theory as the mechanism by which we develop our superegos. What is an example of introjection?A child who is left alone frequently, may in some way try to become "mom" in order to lessen his or her fears. You can sometimes catch them telling their dolls or animals not to be afraid. And we find the older child or teenager imitating his or her favorite star, musician, or sports hero in an effort to establish an identity. 10. Identification with the Aggressor
By internalising the behavior of the aggressor the 'victim' hopes to avoid abuse, as the aggressor may begin to feel an emotional connection with the victim which leads to feelings of empathy. What is an example of identification with the aggressor?Identification with the aggressor is a version of introjection that focuses on the adoption, not of general or positive traits, but of negative or feared traits. If you are afraid of someone, you can partially conquer that fear by becoming more like them. An extreme example of this is the Stockholm Syndrome, where hostages establish an emotional bond with their captor(s) and take on their behaviors. Patty Hearst was abused by her captors, yet she joined their Symbionese Liberation Army and even took part in one of their bank robberies. At her trial, she was acquitted because she was a victim suffering from Stockholm Syndrome.
How to reference this article:How to reference this article:McLeod, S. A. (2019, April 10). Defense mechanisms. Simply Psychology. www.simplypsychology.org/defense-mechanisms.html APA Style ReferencesFerenczi, S. (1933). Confusion of tongues between adults and the child (pp. 156-67). Freud, A. (1937). The Ego and the mechanisms of defense, London: Hogarth Press and Institute of Psycho-Analysis. Freud, S. (1894). The neuro-psychoses of defence. SE, 3: 41-61. Freud, S. (1896). Further remarks on the neuro-psychoses of defence. SE, 3: 157-185. Freud, S. (1933). New introductory lectures on psychoanalysis. London: Hogarth Press and Institute of Psycho-Analysis. Pp. xi + 240. Paulhus, D. L., Fridhandler, B., & Hayes, S. (1997). Psychological defense: Contemporary theory and research. In R. Hogan, J. A. Johnson, & S. R. Briggs (Eds.), Handbook of personality psychology (pp. 543-579). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-012134645-4/50023-8 Further Information Name the Defense Mechanism Activity BPS Article on Repression Exploring Ferenczi's Concept of Identification with the Aggressor: Its Role in Trauma, Everyday Life, and the Therapeutic Relationship Cramer, P. (2015). Understanding defense mechanisms. Psychodynamic Psychiatry, 43(4), 523-552. Freudian Defense Mechanisms and Empirical Findings in Modern Social Psychology: Reaction Formation, Projection, Displacement, Undoing, Isolation, Sublimation, and Denial Defense Mechanisms Summary Table Psychological defense: Contemporary theory and research How to reference this article:How to reference this article:McLeod, S. A. (2019, April 10). Defense mechanisms. Simply Psychology. www.simplypsychology.org/defense-mechanisms.html Home | About Us | Privacy Policy | Advertise | Contact Us Simply Psychology's content is for informational and educational purposes only. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. © Simply Scholar Ltd - All rights reserved What are the defense mechanism used in the ego?Repression is an unconscious defense mechanism employed by the ego to keep disturbing or threatening thoughts from becoming conscious. Repression, which Anna Freud also called "motivated forgetting," is just that: not being able to recall a threatening situation, person, or event.
What are 5 ego defense mechanisms?Both Freuds studied defence mechanisms, but Anna spent more of her time and research on five main mechanisms: repression, regression, projection, reaction formation, and sublimation. All defence mechanisms are responses to anxiety and how the consciousness and unconscious manage the stress of a social situation.
Which defense mechanism are used to protect against anxiety?In addition to forgetting, other defense mechanisms include rationalization, denial, repression, projection, rejection, and reaction formation.
Which defense mechanism involves the conscious expression of feelings that are the opposite of unconscious feelings?Reaction formation is the fixation in consciousness of an idea, affect, or desire that is opposite to a feared unconscious impulse.
|