Which of the following terms means process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses?

A process that produces a relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result of past experience.

The basic learning process that involves repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with a response-producing stimulus until the neutral stimulus elicits the same response; also called respondent conditioning or Pavlovian conditioning.

The natural stimulus that reflexively elicits a response without the need for prior learning.

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

The unlearned, reflexive response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus.

Unconditioned response (UCR)

The process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses.

A formerly neutral stimulus that acquires the capacity to elicit a reflexive response.

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

The learned, reflexive response to a conditioned stimulus.

Conditioned response (CR)

The occurrence of a learned response not only in the original stimulus but to other, similar stimuli as well.

The occurrence of a learned response to a specific stimulus but not other, similar stimuli.

The gradual weakening and apparent disappearance of conditioned behavior. In classical conditioning, extinction occurs when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.

Extinction (in classical conditioning)

The reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of time without exposure to the conditioned stimulus.

School of psychology and theoretical viewpoint that emphasize the scientific study of observable behaviors, especially as they pertain to the learning process.

An individual psychological and physiological response to what is actually a fake treatment or drug; also called placebo effect.

A classically conditioned dislike for an avoidance of a particular food that develops when an organism becomes ill after eating the food.

And learning theory, the idea that an organism is Nate lead predisposed to form associations between certain stimuli and responses.

Learning principle proposed by Thorndike that responses followed by a satisfying effect become strengthened and are more likely to reoccur any particular situation, while responses followed by dissatisfy effect our weekend and less likely to reoccur in a particular situation.

Skinner's term for an actively emitted (or voluntary) behavior that operates on the environment to produce consequences.

The basic learning process that involves changing the probability that a response will be repeated by manipulating the consequences of that response; also called Skinnerian conditioning.

The occurrence of a stimulus or event following a response that increases the likelihood of that response being repeated.

A situation in which a response is followed by the addition of a reinforcing stimulus, increasing the likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations.

A situation in which a response results in the removal of, avoidance of, or escape from a punishing stimulus, increasing the likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations.

A stimulus or event that is naturally or inherently reinforcing for a given species, such as food, water, or other biological necessities.

A stimulus or event that has acquired reinforcing value by being associated with a primary reinforcer; also called a secondary reinforcer.

The presentation of the stimulus or event following a behavior that I asked to decrease the likelihood of the behavior's being repeated.

A situation in which an operant is followed by the presentation or addition of an aversive stimulus; also called positive punishment.

Punishment by application

A situation in which an operant is followed by the removal or subtraction of a reinforcing stimulus; also called negative punishment.

A specific stimulus in the presence of which a particular response is more likely to be reinforced, and in the absence of which a particular response is not reinforced.

The experimental apparatus invented by BF Skinner to study the relationship between environmental events and active behaviors.

Operant chamber or Skinner box

The operant conditioning procedure of selectively reinforcing successively closer approximations of a goal behavior until the goal behavior is displayed.

A schedule of reinforcement in which every occurrence of a particular response is reinforced.

A situation in which the occurrence of a particular response is only sometimes followed by a reinforcer.

The gradual weakening and disappearance of conditioned behavior. In operant conditioning, extinction occurs when an emitted behavior is no longer followed by reinforcer.

Extinction (in operant conditioning)

The phenomenon in which behaviors that are conditioned using partial reinforcement are more resistant to extinction than behaviors that are conditioned to using continuous reinforcement.

Partial reinforcement effect

The delivery of a reinforced her according to a preset pattern based on the number of responses or time interval between responses.

Schedule of reinforcement

A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered after he fixed number of responses has occurred.

Fixed-ratio (FR) schedule

A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered after an average number of responses, which varies unpredictably from trial to trial.

Variable-ratio (VR) schedule

A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurs after a preset time interval has elapsed.

Fixed-interval (FI) schedule

A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurs after an average time interval, which varies unpredictably from trial to trial.

Variable-interval (VI) schedule

The application of learning principles to help people develop more effective or adaptive behaviors.

Tolman's term for the mental representation of the layout of a familiar environment.

Tolman's term for learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement but is not behaviorally demonstrated until a reinforcer becomes available.

A phenomenon in which exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable aversive events produces massive behavior.

The tendency of an animal to revert to instinctive behaviors that can interfere with the performance of an operantly conditioned response.

Learning that occurs through observing the actions of others.

American psychologist who experimentally investigated observational learning, emphasizing the role of cognitive factors.

American psychologist who experimentally demonstrated the learning of taste of versions and animals, a finding the challenge several basic assumptions of classical conditioning.

Russian physiologist who first described the Basic learning process of associating stimuli that is now called classical conditioning.

Ivan Pavlov (1849 - 1936)

American psychologist who experimentally demonstrated the involvement of cognitive processes in classical conditioning.

American psychologist who developed the operant conditioning model of learning; emphasized studying the relationship between environmental factors and observable actions, not mental processes, and trying to achieve a scientific explanation of behavior.

American psychologist who was the first to experimentally study animal behavior and document active behaviors are influenced by their consequences; postulated the law of effect.

Edward L Thorndike (1874-1949)

American psychologist who use the terms cognitive map and latent learning to describe experimental findings that strongly suggest that cognitive factors play a role in animal learning.

Edward C Tolman (1898-1956)

American psychologist who, in the early 1900s, founded behaviorism, an approach that emphasizes the scientific study of outwardly observable behavior rather than subjective mental states.

John B Watson (1878-1958)

Initiating 'reflexive' responses

Initiating 'voluntary' responses.

This psychologist created the word 'operant' which is how our behavior affects the environment.

Frequency at which reinforcement is delivered.

A group of rats was run through a maze for 12 days. On days 1 thru 10, there was no food reward at the end of the maze, and the rats made many errors as they slowly moved through the maze. On day 11, a food reward was placed at the end of the maze. After the food reward was introduced, the rats ran the maze very quickly and with few errors. According to ________ psychologist, this experiment demonstrated the phenomenon called _____.

Edward C. Tolman; latent learning

According to Albert Bandura, the four factors that are necessary for observational learning to occur are: 

Attention, memory, motor skills, and motivation

Which of the following suggestions would probably help you overcome the temptation to choose a short-term reinforcer over a long-tern reinforcer?

Focus your attention on the delayed, long term reinforcer

As you enter the locker room at your college gym, you notice the sharp, distinctive smell of chlorine from the adjacent swimming pool. The stimulation of special receptors in your nose by airborne molecules of chlorine is an example of _____, and your interpretation of the stimulation is an example of _____.

As you enter the locker room at the gym, you notice the distinctive smell of chlorine from the adjacent swimming pool. The process by which the stimulation of special receptors in your nose is converted into neural signals that your brain interprets as the smell of chlorine is called:

As you enter the locker room at the gym, you notice the distinctive smell of chlorine from the adjacent swimming pool. But after a few minutes you're no longer aware of the odor. This is an example of: 

In psychology, the formal definition of learning is:

A relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result of past experience

Pavlov taught a dog to salivate at the sound of a musical tone by repeatedly pairing the tone with food. In this example, the musical tone is the _____ before conditioning and the _____ after conditioning.

Neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus

Pavlov taught a dog to salivate at the sound of a musical tone by repeatedly pairing food with a musical tone. In this example, the food is _____ and the dog salivating to the food is _____.

Unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response

When Ana was 3 years old, her aunt parakeet landed on her head and pecked her scalp, hurting her. Following this incident, Ana was afraid of the parakeet. But over time, Ana became afraid of anything that flies, including butterflies, large flying insects, and wild birds. This example illustrates the phenomenon of _____ in _____ conditioning.

Stimulus generalization; classical

A television commercial for a new camera features a handsome man taking photos of a beautiful women in bikinis on a California beach. This commercial uses _____ conditioning techniques, following an approach to advertising that was pioneered by _____.

Classical; John B. Watson

According to psychologist _____ and the ______ perspective, classical conditioning involves learning the relationship between events rather than simply associating two events. 

Robert Rescorla; cognitive

After two weeks of being screamed at by his drill sergeant, a Marine recruit named Joe shudders every time he hears the footsteps of his drill sergeant coming down the hall. When the drill sergeant enters the room, Joe snaps to attention and salutes. In this example, shuddering is _____ and saluting is a _____. 

A conditioned response; an operant response in the presence of a discriminative stimulus

A pigeon in operant chamber #1 regularly receives a pellet of food after every ten pecks at a red disk, no matter how long it takes. A rat in operant chamber #2 regularly receives a pellet of food for the first bar press it makes after 10 minutes have passed, no matter how many bar presses. The pigeon is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement, and the rat is on a _____ of reinforcement.

Fixed-ratio; fixed-interval

In the focus of Neuroscience titled "Virtual Operant Conditioning," researchers used an implanted electrode to stimulate a brain area called the medial forebrain bundle. Why?

To provide direct positive reinforcement while training rats

In a series of conditioning experiments, a psychologist discovered that a rat readily made an association between the taste of flavored water and illness, but did not make an association between the taste of the flavored water and a painful shock. The phenomenon called _____ best explains this example.

According to the _____ conditioning model developed by ______, behavior is shaped and maintained by its environmental consequences.

The manager of a large shopping mall was upset about the groups of rowdy teens who hung out by the mall entrance and scaring off his adult customers. He discovered that if he played classical music over the loudspeakers by the door, the teens no longer gathered there. The mall manager's use of classical music is an example of the use of _____ to modify the teen's behavior.

Punishment by application

Which of the following terms is associated with the process of learning an association between two stimuli?

What is the process of learning associations between a stimulus and a response?

What is a process that produces a relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result of an individuals experience?

What is learning through association called?