Which of the following statements about how honeybees communicate the position of flower patches?

Communication

A worker does the waggle dance before an attentive crowd of foragers.

When a worker discovers a good source of nectar or pollen (note the pollen spores dusting this bee's back), she will return to the hive to perform a waggle dance to let her nest mates know where it lies.

The worker communicates several key pieces of information during the dance. The longer she waggles - typically bees make between one and 100 waggle runs per dance - the farther the flower patch lies from the hive, with every 75 milliseconds she prolongs the dance adding roughly another 330 feet to the distance. She shows how rich the source is by how long and/or how vigorously she dances. Perhaps most astonishingly, she indicates the direction of the source by the angle her waggle walk deviates from an imaginary straight line drawn from the dance floor to the sun at its current position. In other words, if the source lies in the exact direction of the sun, the bee will walk facing exactly straight up (remember that a hive hangs vertically). If it lies 20 degrees to the right of that imaginary line to the sun, the angle of the bee's walk will be 20 degrees to the right of vertical. Finally, the dancer shares the odor of the flowers in question with the other bees, who sample it with their antennae.

Attendees will watch only one waggle dance and only for a brief period before leaving the hive. In this way, the bee works for the good of the hive rather than for the good of herself. If she stayed for the whole dance, she would know exactly how rich the source is, for instance. But if all bees waited for the entire dance to take place, and then only went to the richest sources, the colony would not be maximizing its use of available resources. This behavior is one of many instances of how, when it comes to honeybees, natural selection operates on the level of the colony, not the individual bee.

With the waggle dance, a worker communicates the distance, direction, and quality of a nectar-rich flower patch to her fellow honeybees.

Finally, workers do the "tremble" dance when foragers have brought so much nectar back to the hive that more bees are needed to process the nectar into honey. Walking slowly around the nest, the dancer quivers her legs, causing her body to tremble forward and backward and from side to side. Lasting sometimes more than an hour, the tremble dance stimulates additional bees to begin processing nectar.

the smaller population will be more affected than will the larger population, because the smaller population has less genetic variation than the larger one has

Two populations of species of squirrel are geographically isolated from each other. Although they have the same population density, one population is significantly larger in number than the other. A new bacterial disease, which is easily spread and extremely virulent, affects both populations at the same time.

Which of the following is the best prediction of how the new disease will affect the two populations

an ancestral cell most likely engulfed an aerobic prokaryote in a relationship that proved beneficial for both cells

Mitochondria are found in most eukaryotic cells and contain their own DNA and ribosomes that are similar to those typical of many prokaryotic cells. Which of the following statements is justified by these observations

single base-pair substitution in the gene encoding the beta subunit

Sickle-cell anemia is associated with a mutation in the gene encoding the beta subunit of hemoglobin that results in a change from glutamic acid to valine at position 6. All other amino acids are identical to a normal hemoglobin molecule

Based on the information above, which of the following mutations is the most likely cause of sickle-cell anemia

without natural herbivores or competitors, C taxifolia will grow rapidly and crowd out native species of producers

In the year 2000, specimens of Caulerpa taxifolia, a green alga used in tropical aquariums, were found off the coast of California. Native to the Indian Ocean, C. taxifolia is known for aggressive growth and an ability to compete with sea grasses. It is currently on an international list of invasive species. Which of the following best predicts the consequences of the introduction of C. taxifolia to the California coast?

The wolves were predators of the moose, which were otherwise reproductively successful

The graph above represents the number of individuals in a population of wolves and in population of moose observed in the same isolated geographic area over a 40-year period, from 1955 through 1995. Which of the following statements about the two populations is best supported by the information presents in the graph?

The presence of black bears and salmon correlated with a significant increase in nitrogen influx

In an investigation, the relationship between black bears, salmon, and influx of marine nitrogen into the area around a southwestern Alaskan stream was studied. The investigators established several test plots of the same size along the stream with the following species composition: no salmon or black bears(N), bears but not salmon(B), salmon but not bears(S), and a plot where salmon and bears interact(SB). Nitrogen influx in the different sampling areas was measured as a means of assessing the impact of the different species on the health of ecosystem. Which of the following statements is best supported by the data

When bears consume salmon, they leave parts of the carcasses on the ground, which decompose, releasing nitrogen into the environment

Which of the following most likely describes how the interaction between bears and salmon influences nitrogen dynamics in the environment

the experiment should remove the remains of salmon carcasses immediately after the salmon are eaten by the bears and determine the nitrogen content of the carcasses

Which of the following pieces of additional data would help further investigate the relationship between bears, salmon, and influx of nitrogen into the local environment

Nitrogen influx will decrease because there will be less bear-salmon interaction

If a dam is built downstream and prevents salmon migration to the test sites, which of the following most accurately predicts the impact on nitrogen influx

The farther the target flowers from the hive, the longer the waggle phase

As depicted in the diagram, honeybees communicate the location of flower patches to members of their hives with waggle dances that give information about the direction and distance to the flowers. Which of the following statements about how honeybees communicate the position of flower patches is most consistent with the model?

Eye pigment in a particular strain of fly is determined by two genes. An autosomal gene that controls the color of pigments in the eye has two alleles: a dominant allele(R) that results in red eyes and a recessive allele(r) that results in sepia eyes. A sex-linked gene that controls the expression of the colored pigments also has two alleles: a dominant allele(T) that allows for expression of colored pigments and a recessive allele(t) that does not allow for expression of colored pigments. Individuals without a T allele have white eyes regardless of the alleles of other eye-color genes. Which of the following represents a cross between a white-eyed female and a red-eyed male?

bacteriophage DNA became integrated in the bacterial chromosome

Some strains of the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes secret substances called exotoxins. The genes encoding the exotoxins are thought to have originated in bacteriophages, which are viruses that infect bacteria. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism by which the S. pyogenes acquired the ability to produce the exotoxins

hybrid individuals are less likely to pass their genetic information on to subsequent generations

Based on the middle of speciation presented, which of the following describes the most likely consequence to the populations over time?

sterile individuals make no genetic contribution to the next generation

Which of the following best describes the reason for excluding hybrid makes when calculating the allele frequencies of two interbreeding populations at the intermediate stage of speciation?

intermediate stage(figure 2)

In a separate investigation, individual mice from two populations that in nature are geographically isolated from each other are mated in the laboratory. The hybrid offspring were then mated with individuals from either of the original populations. Only the female hybrid offspring were fertile. The experimental results are most consistent with which of the states that are depicted in the model?

sterility would appear in females before appearing in males

Using the model of speciation and applying it to a different population, which of the following outcomes is most consistent for a different species in which males are homegametic and the females are heterogametic?

the amount of metabolic wastes in the water where the fish are being raised

A scientist is evaluating a proposal for raising large numbers of fish in ocean pens for human consumption. As part of the evaluation, the scientist is designing a plan for investigating how the fish in the ocean pens might affect nearby ecosystems. Which of the following is the most appropriate factor to use as the dependent variable in the experimental investigation?

epinephrine binds to a cell-surface receptor; the activated receptor stimulated production of the second messenger, cAMP

Epinephrine is a protein hormone found in many animals. Epinephrine stimulates a signaling pathway that results in the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver cells. Which of the following describes the initial steps in the process whereby epinephrine stimulates glycogen breakdown?

which molecular substance is actively transported across the plasma membrane?

Which of the following scientific questions is most relevant to the model represented in the figure above?

the conclusion is invalid because other variables in the experiment(both biotic and abiotic) affected the results

A group of students designed an experiment to determine the effect of compost on the germination and growth of plants. The students set up experimental plots by mixing different ratios of soil and compost. They planted 20 pea and 20 melon seeds in each plot and watered each plot regularly. The student recorded the number of seeds that germinated, and as the plants grew, they recorded plant length, number and size of leaves, and vernal health observations. Which of the following best addresses the validity of the conclusion made by students?

butterflies that express two variants of the enzyme are active over a greater range of temperature

Butterflies of the genus Colias life in the Rocky Mountains, where they experience a wide range of temperatures. Different variants of a particular glycolytic enzyme in the flight muscles are optimally active at different temperatures. Within the same population, some individual butterflies fly effectively at 29°C, while other fly most effectively at 40°C. Still others can be equally active at both temperatures. Which of the following claims is most consistent with the observed butterfly behavior?

the nitrogen gas and ammonia gas in experiment 1 could provide the elemental nitrogen required for the formation of amino acids

Two groups of students attempted to re-create the primitive atmospheric conditions of early Earth using the apparatus represented below. Each group ran the experiment with different gas mixtures in the apparatus. Which of the following statements best justifies the claims that the conditions in at least one of the experiments could generate the molecular building blocks essential for life?

arginine to leucine at position X on the cladogram

The cladogram shown below depicts an accepted model of evolutionary relationships among selected species. The validity of the cladogram is best supported by molecular evidence for which of the following changes in the amino acid composition of the beta-hemoglobin protein during the evolution of these species

mating with a well-fed male consistently produced more offspring than did reproduction via self fertilization

Which of the following best describes the reproductive ability of C. elegans following ARD induced in the first experiment?

The average brood size per mated individual upon reintroduction of food following 30 days of ARD is closest to which of the following

the number of days an animal spends in ARD does not significantly affect its time of survival after reintroduction of food

Which of the following conclusions is most consistent with the data shown in figure 2.7?

the ability to enter ARD provides a strong selective advantage because reproduction can occur despite periods of food scarcity

Based on the experimental results, which of the following is the best evolutionary explanations for the occurrence of ARD in C. elegans?

production of a specific mRNA will increase as a result of he binding of the hormone-receptor complex to the DNA

Steroid hormones, such as testosterone, pass through the plasma membrane and bind to an intravenous at protein, as shown in the diagram below. The hormone-receptor complex then enters the nucleus, where it interacts with DNA to promote transcriptions of a specific gene. Based on the information presented, which of the following will also occur in response to steroid signaling?

maternal mitochondrial mutations are inherited by all of a mother's offspring

The pedigree below shows the inheritance of a dominant allele of a gene in a family over several generations. Circles represent females and squares represent males. Shaded symbols indicate individuals carrying the allele. The pedigree suggests that the gene is on a nuclear chromosome, and not on the mitochondria DNA, because

if both have the allele for HC, should an insurance company raise their rates because of the results of the test

High blood cholesterol can lead to cardiovascular problems such as atherosclerosis and heart attack. Exercise and monitoring of diet can often control cholesterol levels; however, in certain cases HC is inherited as an autosomal dominant disease caused by a mutation in a single gene. A man with high cholesterol levels is about to marry a woman whose total cholesterol levels are also higher than average. A physician has suggested they get tested for the HC allele. Which of the following is a valid ethical question concerning the test?

A cell is treated with a drug that prevents the formation of new lysosomes. The cell continues to transcribe the genes that code for the hydrolytic enzymes that are normally found in lysosomes and continues to translate the mRNAs for those proteins on membrane-bound ribosomes. The hydrolytic enzymes are most likely to accumulate in which the following cellular structures?

phosphorylated p53 stimulates transcription of p21, and the resulting p21 protein suppresses cell division until DNA damage is repaired

The p53 protein regulates a cellular response to DNA damage. Based on the diagram above, which of the following best describes the role of p53 in the response to DNA damage?

Which of the following graphs is the most appropriate representation of the experimental results documented in the table?

the mean pH of the samples increased after one hour

Which of the following observations provides the best evidence that photosynthesis occurred in treatment group I?

To investigate whether an organism in the stadium is capable of both photosynthesis and respiration, a comparison of which treatment groups is most appropriate?

does the aquarium water contain living microorganisms?

The results for treatment groups V and VI could suggest which of the following questions about the design of the experiment?

increasing the sample size of each treatment group

Which of the following modifications to the experiments design with best help reduce the standard errors of the means?

growth-factor signaling can trigger mitosis in cells that are in direct contact with other cells

Many human cells can be stimulated to divide by hormonelike growth factors that bind to receptor proteins(R) on the plasma membrane and trigger an internal signal-transduction cascade. In many cases, however, the process of contact inhibition prevents mitosis when cells are in direct contact with one another. Contact inhibition occurs when proteins called cell adhesion molecules(CAMs) interact, causing them to change shape so that the growth-factor signaling proteins that normally associate with CAMs are replaced by another protein, called M. Both pathways are depicted in the figures below. Which of the following statements accurately uses the information presented to support the hypothesis that interruption of M function in a single body cell result in cancer?

the genes for body color and wing shape are located close to each other on the same chromosome

In Drosophila melanogaster the allele for wild-type tan body color(B) is dominant to the recessive allele for black body color(b). Similarly, the allele for wild-type wing shape(V) is dominant to the recessive allele for vestigial wing phenotype(v). In the cross diagram above the expected and observed results are shown. Which of the following best explains the observed results of the cross?

if a proteolytic enzyme from one species is incubate with a precursor protein from another species, does correct cleavage occur?

Some cells release active signaling proteins when membrane-bound precursor proteins are cleaved by proteolytic enzymes. The signaling proteins can then bind to receptors on the surface of a target cell, thereby activating an intracellular signaling pathway and eliciting a response from the target. This mechanism of activating receptor-binding signaling proteins has been observed in a variety of organisms from bacteria to humans. Many of the enzymes responsible for proteolysis have been isolated and characterize. Which of the following questions would be most appropriate to investigate whether the proteolytic enzymes are evolutionarily conserved among species?

Transmission of an action potential across a synapse involves the release of neurotransmitters by the presynaptic triggers a rise in the calcium concentration in the synaptic terminal, and the change in concentration triggers a release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. Which of the following representations of the movement of calcium, sodium, and potassium ions best shows how an action potential is transmitted to the postsynaptic neuron?

The kidneys of reptiles and birds are highly efficient because little water is needed to excrete uric acid

The table below provides a comparison of nitrogenous waste production in selected organisms. Which of the following statements is most consistent with the data in the table?

GFP* contained in synaptic vesicles moved into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis

Based on the model, which of the following best explains why a bright green fluorescence was observed following stimulation of presynaptic neuron?

Addition of an H+ to GFP* at acidic pH changes the shape of the protein, preventing fluorescence

Which of the following best explains why GFP* might exhibit a bright green fluorescence in alkaline conditions but not in acidic conditions

inhibition of CDK5 activity in neurons increases the movement of synoptic vesicles to the plasma membrane in response to a specific stimulus

Which of the following observations best supports the hypothesis that CDK5 negatively regulates neurotransmitter release?

CDK5 alters the activity of other proteins involved in the movement of synoptic vesicles to the plasma membrane

Based on the model, which of the following described the most likely mechanism by which CDK5 regulated neurotransmitter release?

degradation of p35 results in increased synaptic activity

Previous experiments indicate that CDK5 is active only when attached to a protein called p35. Which of the following best predicts how p35 might play a role in regulating neuron function?

different neurons in the same neural network can release different amounts of neurotransmitter

Based on the model, which of the following best explains how regulation of neurotransmitter release might increase the range of responses to a stimulus in the nervous system?

peccaries eat cacti with a smaller number of spines, and wasp larvae eat cacti with a greater number of spines

In a species of cactus, the number of spines on a plant is genetically determined. The graph above shows frequency distributions for populations of the cactus species growing in the presence or absence of two herbivores: peccaries and wasp larvae. Which of the following best accounts for the different frequency distributions in the graph?

Scientists are studying several populations of finches on neighboring islands in the South Pacific. Previous genetic analysis has shown that a single gene controls tail-feather length in the finch populations and that the allele for long tail feathers(L) is dominant to the allele for short tail feathers. On two separate islands, the scientists recorded the number of finches with long tail feathers and the number of finches with short tail feathers. If the two finch populations are each in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and are isolated from each other, then which of the following graphs correctly displays the relative genotype frequencies?

Met-Val-Thr-Lys-Phe-Gly-His

Based on the universal genetic code, which of the following represents the correct polypeptide that will result from translation of the mRNA molecule shown, beginning with the first available start codon?

the allele for blue is an X-linked dominant allele because there are no blue male offspring in cross 2

The data above represents the results of three different crosses involving the inheritance of a gene that determines whether a certain organism is blue or white. Which of the following best explains the mechanism of inheritance of the gene?

genetic drift has occurred in population 1

The table shows the change in allele frequencies of a specific gene in two populations of randomly mating small mammals after 30 years. The populations inhabit adjacent equatorial islands that have similar topography and climate. Which of the following is the most reliable conclusion that can be drawn from analysis of the data above?

The cladogram above shows proposed phylogenetic relationships for several vertebrates. Selected derived characters are indicated on the cladogram by numbered labels. Based on the information presented, which of the derived characters is shared by alligators and manatees but not salamanders?

In fruit flies, the allele for vestigial wings is recessive to the allele for wild-type wings, and the allele for white eyes is recessive to the allele for red eyes. The gene controlling wing type is carried on an autosome, whereas the gene controlling eye color is carried on the X chromosome. A true-breeding female with wild-type wings and white eyes is crossed with a male with vestigial wings and red eyes. What proportion of the offspring are expected to be males with wild-type wings and white eyes?

ABO blood type is humans is determined by three alleles of a single gene: I^A, I^B and i. The I^A and I^B alleles are codominant, and both alleles are completely dominant to the i allele. Assuming that the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium with respect to blood type, what is the frequency of the i allele?

Biological communities containing a large number of species that are evenly distributed exhibit high species diversity—a concept that encompasses both species richness and relative abundance. One measure of species diversity is Simpson's index of diversity, which is represented by the following mathematical equation. Calculate the Simpson's index of diversity for the community of trees

Which of the following best explains how small signaling molecules move between adjacent cells in a plant shoot?

Which of the following best explains how treatment with a drug that stimulates the production of insulin receptors on target cells will affect the insulin signaling pathway?

Which of the following observations best supports the hypothesis that CDK5 negatively regulates neurotransmitter release?

Which of the following best describes the reproductive ability of C elegans following the induced in the first experiment?