Which of the following refers to the size and functional complexity of cities

Presentation on theme: "Urban Patterns and Land Use. 1. Urban Hierarchy: A ranking of cities based on their Population and functional complexity."— Presentation transcript:

1 Urban Patterns and Land Use

2 1. Urban Hierarchy: A ranking of cities based on their Population and functional complexity

3 a. Unincorporated areas: Areas with low population (they might have once been incorporated but lost people over the years)

4 b. Hamlet: Smallest organized rural cluster, usually 10-15 structures around a small urban center (often just a general store and gas station)

5 c. Village: Low density rural area that is linear, clusters, round, and/or walled

6 d. Town: Small urban area of 50 to 5,000 people that includes specialized stores, schools and a library

7 e. City: Densely population area with up to 50,000 people

8 f. Metropolis: Large urban area with over 50,000 people usually focused around one core city and its suburbs

9 g. Megacity: The largest cities in the world with >10 million people

10 h. World cities: Large urban centers that are control points of international business, finance, and media (“control and command centers of the global economy”)

11 World Cities  House the headquarters of largest multinational and conglomerate corporations, international banks, and cultural centers  World cities have high amount of interaction because of the Gravity Model (P1*P2/D 2 )  New York City, London, and Tokyo are the dominant (“alpha”) world cities because they house the major stock market for their continent => financial centers of the world

12 World Cities  The second-tier “alpha” world cities include Paris, Shanghai, Los Angeles, Chicago, Washington (DC), Frankfurt, Milan, Hong Kong, and Singapore  “Beta” world cities include San Francisco, Sydney, Toronto, Zurich, Brussels, Madrid, Mexico City, São Paulo, Moscow, and Seoul  “Gamma” world cities include Amsterdam, Dallas, Huston, Boston, Melbourne, Düsseldorf, Jakarta, Osaka, Caracas, Geneva, Johannesburg, Prague

13 a. Primate city: A city that is > 2x larger than any other city in the country and dominates the economic, political, and cultural life of a country 1)More common in LDCs than MDCs 2)Why did primate cities develop?

14 a) Under a colonial system, economic development, colonial administration, and trade activities were concentrated at a single point (Nairobi)

15 b) For various reasons, development and population growth concentrate disproportionately in a capital city (Cairo, Mexico City)

16 c) Economic and political power becomes concentrated around a royal court (London, Paris)

17 b. Rank-size rule: The nth largest city of a national system of cities will be 1/n the size of the largest city (holds truest in MDCs, especially US and Russia)

18 c. Emerging city: A city currently experiencing population growth and increasing in economic and political power (Dubai, Bangkok, Shanghai)

19 Factors: 1)Development of an international financial system 2)Globalization of real estate and markets 3)Economic growth of TNCs 4)Increase in international travel and social/cultural networking

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21 2. Urban Land Value a. Industrialization brought about the mass transit system, which was built like spokes from the outer ring to the center of the city => the city core became the area with the highest accessibility, desirability, and land prices; areas along the transit spokes second, and the areas between the spokes the least desirable

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23 Urban Land Value (cont’d) 1)Only the richest and biggest companies could afford to located in the city core 2)Industries, stores, and high-density apartment complexes developed along the mass transit routes to lower transportation costs 3)Low density residential areas filled in the locations within the spokes

24 b. Central Business District (CBD): The nucleus (“downtown”) of a city, where retail stores, offices, and cultural activities are concentrated, mass transit systems converge, and land values and building densities are high Beijing’s CBD

25 Central Business District 1) Land value is based on its accessibility to the point at which the maximum possible interchange could be achieved (stores to their market; factories to their workers and raw materials; residents to stores, schools and jobs)

26 2) Peak Land Value Intersection (PLVI): The most accessible (by mass transit) and costly location of the CBD

27 3) The high land cost leads to “three- dimensional” high-intensity land use a)CBDs are discernible by the tall office buildings, hotels, etc. that create the distinctive skyscraper skylines of modern cities (exception: Washington DC) b)Parking garages, pedestrian walkways, subways, loading docks, and utility lines are threaded underneath the CBD

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29 4) Bid Rent Theory: Only commercial enterprises will be able to afford the land within the central business district because of its high value

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31 Central Business District 5) The only service industries that can afford to locate in the CBD must have high thresholds, high ranges, or offer services that specifically target downtown workers

32 6) The high land cost discourages two activities in the CBD: residential and manufacturing

33 6) Tokyo has the highest CBD land value at $500 million/acre (a parcel of land the size of this piece of paper would sell for $10,000!)

34 UNITED STATES’ URBAN LAND USE MODELS a. Based on socio-economic structure (Lower, middle, and upper class)

35 a. Concentric Zone Model 1)Developed in the 1920s by Park, Burgess, and McKenzie based on 1900s Chicago 2)Assumption: lower classes live closest to CBD while upper classes live farther out because they can afford to live in the suburbs and commute to work 3)Doesn’t really exist in the US now because of gentrification

36 4) Five concentric circles (similar to Von Thunen’s model for rural land use)

37 a) CBD

38 b) Transition zone: Old, formerly wealthy, residential section now containing high-density tenements in low-income slums and ethnic (immigrant) neighborhoods interspersed with industrial areas

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40 c) Working class residential: Older, modest homes in well-established neighborhoods occupied by working class families and singles

41 d) Middle class residential: High-rent single family homes and apartments occupied by those who can afford more land and a longer commute

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43 e) Commuter zone (Upper class residential): Low-density, wealthy suburbs where most people commute to work

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45 5) Each zone is dynamic and fluctuating because of a constant process of invasion and succession (continued expansion of the central business district and the continual push outwards of the zones)

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50 c. Sector Model 1)Created in 1939 by Homer Hoyt; also based on Chicago 2)Zones are triangular (wedges), not circular, and radiate out from the CBD along transportation corridors 3)Middle/high income residential is basically on one side of the CBD and low income and industry on the other

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53 c. Multiple-nuclei Model 1)Created in 1945 by Harris and Ullman; many US cities follow this model 2)There is still a CBD, but different industries spring up wherever there are opportunities for growth => development is haphazard and uneven

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57 Multiple-nuclei Model 3)Growth creates several nodes (business center, airport, university, etc.) within a city based on function => agglomeration and multiplier effect 4)Causes friction as the different nuclei spread out, leading to the clash of incompatible land uses

What refers to the size and functional complexity of cities?

What is functional complexity geography?

Which of the following are characteristics of cities?

Which of the following statements best explains how the world cities listed in the table function within the world's urban hierarchy?