Microorganisms capable of causing disease—or pathogens—usually enter our bodies through the eyes, mouth, nose, or urogenital openings, or through wounds or bites that breach the skin barrier. Organisms can spread, or be transmitted, by several routes. Show
Contact: Some diseases spread via direct contact with infected skin, mucous membranes, or body fluids. Diseases transmitted this way include cold sores (herpes simplex virus type 1) and sexually transmitted diseases such as AIDS. Pathogens can also be spread by indirect contact when an infected person touches a surface such as a doorknob, countertop, or faucet handle, leaving behind microbes that are then transferred to another person who touches that surface and then touches his or her eye(s), mouth, or nose. Droplets spread by sneezes, coughs, or simply talking can transmit infection if one person comes in contact with the mucous membranes of the eye(s), mouth, or nose of another person. Influenza is spread by airborne droplet transmission but more commonly by indirect contact on surfaces. Common vehicles: Contaminated food, water, blood, or other vehicles may spread pathogens. Microorganisms like E. coli and Salmonella enter the digestive system in this manner. Vectors: Creatures such as fleas, mites, and ticks—called vectors—can also transmit disease. The most common vector for human infection is the mosquito, which transmits malaria, West Nile virus, chikungunya, dengue fever, yellow fever, and Zika. Airborne transmission: Pathogens can also spread when residue from evaporated droplets or dust particles containing microorganisms is suspended in air for long periods of time. Diseases spread by airborne transmission include tuberculosis, measles, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, and Legionnaires’ disease. Germs can spread through: Germs can spread: Germs can enter the body through the: Some infections can be spread in several different ways. There are other ways of describing how germs are spread that are commonly used. Germs can be spread through
sexual contact, which is usually through semen and vaginal secretions (body fluids), but can also occur through contact with mucus membranes. Germs can spread through
food or water. Many but not all the germs spread in this way are through contact with faeces and then with the mouth (faeco-oral). Germs can also spread from a
mother to her unborn child, usually though blood (body fluids) but also through contact with skin or mucous membranes during delivery. Adapted from National Health and Medical Research Council -
Staying Healthy: preventing infectious disease in early childhood education and care services, 5th Edition 2012. Some infections are spread when an infected person talks, coughs or sneezes small droplets containing infectious agents
into the air. Due to their size, these droplets in the air travel only a short distance (around a metre) from the infected person before falling. The droplets in the air may be breathed in by those nearby. Spread can also occur by touching the nose or mouth with droplet contaminated hands. Examples of droplet spread diseases:
Spread through the air by aerosolSome infections are spread when an infected person talks, breathes, coughs or sneezes tiny particles containing infectious agents into the air. These are called small particle aerosols. Due to their tiny size, small particle aerosols can travel long distances on air currents and remain suspended in the air for minutes to hours. These small particle aerosols may be breathed in by another person. Examples of airborne spread diseases:
Spread through faeces and then the mouth (faecal-oral spread)Some infections are spread when microscopic amounts of faeces (poo) from an infected person with symptoms or an infected person without symptoms (a carrier) are taken in by another person by mouth. The faeces may be passed:
Examples of diseases spread from faeces:
Some infections are spread directly when skin or mucous membrane (the thin moist lining of many parts of the body such as the nose, mouth, throat and genitals) comes into contact with the skin or mucous membrane of another person. Infections are spread indirectly when skin or mucous membrane comes in contact with contaminated objects or surfaces. Examples of diseases spread by skin or mucous membrane contact:
Spread through blood or other body fluidsSome infections are spread when blood or other body fluids (for example for example, urine, saliva, breastmilk, semen and vaginal secretions) from an infected person comes into contact with:
Examples of diseases spread through blood or other body fluids:
Other ways of describing how infectious diseases are spreadSpread through sexual contact (sexually transmitted infections)These infections are most commonly transmitted by sexual contact. Sexual contact means:
Examples of sexually transmitted infections:
Spread through food or waterThese diseases result from ingestion of water or a wide variety of foods contaminated with disease-causing germs or their toxins. Often these infections are also spread by the faecal-oral route. Examples of food or waterborne diseases:
Spread from a mother to her unborn childSome infections can be spread through the placenta from a mother to her unborn child or during delivery, or both. Examples of diseases spread from a mother to child in this way:
Diseases where person-to-person spread occurs rarely, if everSome infectious diseases are almost never spread by contact with an infected person. These diseases are usually spread by contact with an environmental source such as animals, insects, water or soil. Examples of diseases spread by contact with animals:
Examples of diseases spread by insects, and in the examples listed below, specifically by mosquitoes:
Examples of diseases spread by contact with water or soil:
What are the 3 primary bloodborne pathogens?Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are three of the most common bloodborne pathogens from which health care workers are at risk.
What is blood borne pathogen?Bloodborne pathogens are microorganisms that cause disease and are present in human blood. They include but are not limited to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV).
How are blood borne pathogens transmitted?For a bloodborne pathogen to be spread, the bodily fluids of an infected person must enter into the bloodstream of another person. The most common cause of transmission in the workplace is when an infected person's blood enters another person's bloodstream through an open wound.
Is HPV a bloodborne pathogen?Bloodborne pathogens are viruses and bacteria that are found in the blood and can be transmitted via blood. Not all infections are transmitted in this way. Some, like herpes and HPV, are spread from skin to skin rather than through blood and other bodily fluids.
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Which of the following pathogens is transmitted through contact with open wounds or sores?
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