Which of the following is defined as the communication of information through symbols arranged according to systematic rules?

The communication of information through symbols arranged according to systematic rules.

The system of rules that determine how our thoughts can be expressed.

The study of the smallest units of speech, called phonemes.

The smallest units of speech.

Ways in which words and phrases can be combined to form sentences.

The rules governing the meaning of words and sentences.

Meaningless speech-like sounds make by children from around the age of 3 months though 1 year.

Sentences in which words not critical to the message are left out.

The phenomenon by which children apply language rules even when the application results in an error.

Learning-theory approach (to language development)

The theory suggesting that language acquisition follows the principles of reinforcement and conditioning.

Native approach (to language development)

The theory that a genetically determined, innate mechanism directs language development.

Noam Chomsky's theory that a genetically determined, innate mechanism directs language development.

Language-acquisition device

A neural system if the brain hypothesized by Noam Chomsky to permit understanding of language.

Interactionist approach (to language development)

The view that language development is produced through a combination of genetically determined predispositions and environmental circumstances that help teach language.

Linguistic-relativity hypothesis

The notion that language shapes and may determine the way people in a specific culture perceive and understand the world.

The capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges.

The single, general factor for mental ability assumed to underlie intelligence in some early theories of intelligence.

Intelligence that reflects information-processing capabilities, reasoning, and memory.

Crystallized intelligence

The accumulation of information, skills, ad strategies that are learned through experience and can be applied.

Theory of multiple intelligences

Gardner's intelligence theory that proposes that there are eight distinct spheres of intelligence.

According to Sternberg, intelligence related to overall success in living.

The set of skills that underlie the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression, and regulation of emotions.

Tests devised to quantify a person's level of intelligence.

The average age of individuals who achieve a particular level of performance on a test.

Intelligence quotient (IQ)

A score that takes into account an individual's mental and chronological ages.

A test designed to determine a person's level of knowledge in a given subject area.

A test designed to predict a person's ability in a particular area or line of work.

The property by which tests measure consistently what they are trying to measure.

The property by which tests actually measure what they are supposed to measure.

Standards of test performance that permit the comparison of one person's score on a test with the scores of other individuals who have taken the same test.

Mental retardation (intellectual disabilities)

A condition characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills.

The most common cause of mental retardation in newborns, occurring when the mother uses alcohol during pregnancy.

Mental retardation in which no apparent biological defect exists but there is a history of retardation in the family.

The 2 to 4 percent of the population who have IQ scores greater than 130.

A test that does not discriminate against the members of any minority group.

A measure of the degree to which a characteristic is related to genetic inherited factors.

The manipulation of mental representation of information.

Representations in the mind the resembles the object or event being represented.

Categorizations of objects, events, or people that share common properties.

A rule that, if applied appropriately, guarantees a solution to a problem.

A cognitive shortcut that may lead to a solution.

Typical, highly representative examples of concepts.

Repeated testing for differences between the desired outcome and what currently exists.

A sudden awareness of the relationships among various elements that had previously appeared to be independent of one another.

The tendency to think of an object only in terms of its typical use.

The tendency for old patterns of problem solving to persist.

The tendency to favor information that supports one's initial hypotheses and ignore contradictory information that supports alternative hypotheses or solutions.

The ability to generate original ideas or sole problems in novel ways.

The ability to generate unusual, yet nonetheless appropriate, responses to problems or questions.

The ability to produce responses that are based primarily on knowledge and logic.

The ability to produce responses that are based primarily on knowledge and logic.