Abstract The study of age differences in job satisfaction is a useful focus for investigating the interplay among work, self, and family concepts as they produce changes in role outcomes during the life course. Using data from the 1972-73 Quality of Employment Survey as well as other data sets, we find that age is positively related to job satisfaction. A relatively substantial portion of these differences are explained by age variations in work values and job rewards. These findings are consistent with both cohort and job change explanations of age differences in job satisfaction. However, some of these age inequalities are not explicable on the basis of the variables in our model. Though some unknown portion of these age differences are undoubtedly due to compositional effects, we argue that they also partly reflect more general processes of aging and development. Show Journal Information The official flagship journal of the American Sociological Association (ASA), American Sociological Review (ASR) publishes works of interest to the discipline in general, new theoretical developments, results of research that advance our understanding of fundamental social processes, and important methodological innovations. All areas of sociology are welcome. Emphasis is on exceptional quality and general interest. Published bi-monthly in February, April, June, August, October, and December. Information about subscriptions, article submissions, and advertising rates: http://www.asanet.org/journals/asr/ Publisher Information American Sociological Association Mission Statement: Serving Sociologists in Their Work Advancing Sociology as a Science and Profession Promoting the Contributions and Use of Sociology to Society The American Sociological Association (ASA), founded in 1905, is a non-profit membership association dedicated to advancing sociology as a scientific discipline and profession serving the public good. With over 13,200 members, ASA encompasses sociologists who are faculty members at colleges and universities, researchers, practitioners, and students. About 20 percent of the members work in government, business, or non-profit organizations. As the national organization for sociologists, the American Sociological Association, through its Executive Office, is well positioned to provide a unique set of services to its members and to promote the vitality, visibility, and diversity of the discipline. Working at the national and international levels, the Association aims to articulate policy and impleme nt programs likely to have the broadest possible impact for sociology now and in the future. Rights & Usage This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. 30 minutes of moderate activity at least 5 days a week According to the American College of Sports Medicine and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, people should participate in at least... ____ of adults in the United States are obese. According to researchers Arnold Lazarus & Susan Folkman, the assessment of an event to determine whether its implications are positive, negative, or neutral is called... According to researchers Arnold Lazarus & Susan Folkman, the assessment of whether one's coping abilities and resources are adequate to overcome the harm, threat, or challenge posed by the potential stressor is called... intimacy-versus-isolation stage According to Erikson, the period of post-adolescence into the early 30s that focuses on developing close relationships with others is called... Explanations as to why people become friends Proximity-- people form friendships with those nearby & accessible. Similarity between people who hold the same attitudes and values. Personal qualities such as loyalty, affection, supportiveness, frankness, & a good sense of humor. people who are uncomfortable being close to others.
which of the following is an example of the avoidant attachment style? show no difference in eventual adjustment research suggests that children raised in households in which parents are homosexual by what age have most people lost, on average, 10% of their maximum strength? enlargement of prostate gland a physical change that occurs frequently in men during climacteric is... Marion is 40 years old. According to the American Cancer Society and the American College of Radiology, she should start having mammograms... fluid intelligence does decline; however, crystallized intelligence holds steady & can improve when developmentalists looked at the two kinds of intelligence, fluid & crystallized, to determine if intelligence continues to grow, slow, or decline with age, they determined that... Winona is a 22-year-old new mom, & Anna is a 38-year-old new mom. According to Ravenna Helson's theory, the ____, both of these women may experience similar psychological forces based upon their shared experience of being a new mother regardless of their ages. when middle-aged people focus on work that is directed toward others rather than themselves, Erik Erikson called this... According to Levinson, this is the period of assessment that middle-aged people 40-45 go through that may lead to a stage of uncertainty & indecision brought about by the realization that life is finite. all of the following "big five" major clusters of personality traits/characteristics decline somewhat from early adulthood through middle adulthood EXCEPT... agreeableness and conscientiousness when reviewing findings across cultures, which of the following of the "big 5" major clusters of personality traits/characteristics increase to a degree from early adulthood through middle age? when the couple is retired according to the chart of phases of marital satisfaction in the text, at which point in the marriage is the level of satisfaction at its peak? globally speaking, ___ women throughout the world experience some form of violent victimization during their lives. pay & working conditions. specific policies that affect their jobs. overall job quality the following are considered factor that affect job satisfaction for middle-aged workers older workers lack sufficient technological skills, and are unable to learn new skills. middle-aged people who lose their jobs may be discriminated against when trying to find a new job, which is not only illegal, but based upon misguided assumptions. what is untrue of about middle-aged workers what is the age of the onset of late adulthood? physical & psychological well-being what best describes the meaning of "functional age"? according to surveys conducted in the US, almost ___ of people 65 years old & older rate their health as good, very good, or excellent. 72-year-old Angelo is demonstrating the following symptoms: serious memory loss, lessened intellectual ability, & impaired judgment. what diagnosis is Angelo likely to receive from his dr? Muriel is an 86-year-old woman who tries to function independently but has suffered for several years with forgetfulness, especially with recent memories. She has trouble recalling the names of her best friends when they call on the phone, and she worries that she may have a form of dementia called... predisposed genetic inheritance. high blood pressure or poor diet. viruses, dysfunctions of the immune system, and hormone imbalance.
contributors to developing Alzheimer's disease. degree to which a developing structure or behavior is susceptible to experience is called... appear stable across adulthood according to Paul Costa & Robert McCrae, the "big 5" personality traits... body transcendence versus body preoccupation last year, Greta's knee injury caused her to drop out of her bowling league, but at 90 years old she still enjoys life & is involved in many activities. Greta is successful at which of Peck's developmental stages looking back over one's life, evaluating it, & coming to terms with it. the ego-integrity-versus-despair stage of psychosocial development is characterized by a process of ... learning to cope with and move beyond physical changes what is the major task to be accomplished in the body-transcendence-versus-body-preoccupation stage? different ways people cope with aging Bernice Neugarten examined... disintegrated & disorganized Jorge cannot accept that he is getting older and experiences despair. According to Bernice Neugarten, what is his personality type? the theory suggesting that successful aging occurs when people maintain the interests, activities, & social interactions with which they were involved during middle age is called... the natural physical decline brought about by aging accidents, primarily those involving automobiles adults in their 20s and 30s stand a higher risk of dying from what? AIDS, cancer, heart disease, & suicide among the leading sources of death for people age 25-34 are what? At age 35, the point that __&__ overtake accidents as the leading cause of death. the first time this is true since infacny. the physical and emotional response to events that threaten or challenge us psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) the study of the relationship among the brain, the immune system, & psychological factors medical problems caused by the interaction of psychological, emotional, & physical difficulties the effort to control, reduce, or learn to tolerate the threats that lead to stress coping that involves unconscious strategies that distort or deny the true nature of a situation a personality characteristic associated with a lower rate of stress-related illness thinking that acknowledges that adult predicaments must sometimes be solved in relativistic terms according to Schaie, the first stage of cognitive development, encompassing all of childhood and adolescence, in which the main development task is to acquire information the point reached by young adults in which intelligence is applied to specific situations involving the attainment of long-term goals regarding careers, family and societal contributions the stage in which the major concerns of middle-aged adults relate to their personal situations, including protecting and nourishing their spouses, families, & careers the period in middle adulthood when people take a broader perspective than earlier, including concerns about the world the period of late adulthood during which the focus is on tasks that have personal meaning Sternberg's theory that intelligence is made up of 3 major components: componential, experiential, & contextual triarchic theory of intelligence according to Sternberg, intelligence that is learned primarily by observing others and modeling their behavior the set of skills that underlie the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression, & regulation of emotions the combination of responses or ideas in novel ways first-year adjustment reaction a cluster of psychological symptoms, including loneliness, anxiety, withdrawal, & depression, relating to the college experience suffered by first-year college students obstacles to performance that come from awareness of the stereotypes held by society about academic abilities the culturally determined psychological timepiece providing a sense of whether we have reached the major benchmarks of life at the appropriate time in comparison to our peers the period from the late teenage years extending to the mid-twenties in which people are still sorting out their options for the future when liking turns into loving 2 people interact with each other more often & for longer periods of time. increasingly seek out each other's company. they open up to each other more & more. more willing to share both + & - feelings. begin to agree on the goals they hold for relationship. their reactions to situations become more similar. feel their psychological well-being is tied to success of relationship. see themselves as couple & not separate passionate (romantic) love a state of powerful absorption in someone the strong affection for those with whom our lives are deeply involved labeling theory of passionate love the theory that individuals experience romantic love when two events occur together: intense physiological arousal & situational cues suggesting that the arousal is due to love the component of love that encompasses feelings of closeness, affection, & connectedness intimacy, passion, & decision/commitment Robert Sternberg suggested that love is made up of what 3 components? the component of love that compromises the motivational drives relating to sex, physical closeness, & romance decision/commitment component the 3rd aspect of love that embodies both the initial cognition that one loves another person & the longer-term determination to maintain that love the tendency to marry someone who is similar in age, race, education, religion, & other basic demographic characteristics the tendency for men to marry women who are slightly younger, smaller, & lower in status, & women to marry men who are slightly older, larger, & higher in status couples living together without being married working to build fondness & affection toward one's partner. remaining aware of events in one's spouse's life & responding to those events. considering problems as controllable & solvable 3 factors that permitted couples to successfully weather the increased stress that follows the birth of a child: a stage that is entered between the ages of 20 & 40, when young adults become centered on their careers according to Ginzberg, the period, lasting until about age 11, when career choices are made, & discarded, without regard to skills, abilities, or available job opportunities. the 2nd stage of Ginzberg's theory, which spans adolescence, when people begin to think in pragmatic terms about the requirements of various jobs and how their own abilities might fit with them the 3rd stage of Ginzberg's theory, which occurs in early adulthood, when people begin to explore specific career options, either through actual experience on the job or through training for a profession, & then narrow their choices & make a commitment personality type that is down-to-earth, practical problem-solvers, & physically strong, but their social skills are mediocre. they make good farmers, laborers, & truck drivers personality type oriented toward the theoretical & abstract. although not particularly good with people, they are well suited to careers in math & science. personality type related to verbal skills & interpersonal relations. good at working with people, & consequently make good salespersons, teachers & counselors. personality type that prefers highly structured tasks. make good clerks, secretaries & bank tellers personality type that are risk-takers & take-charge types. good leaders & may be particularly effective as managers or politicians personality type that uses art to express themselves, & often prefer the world of art to interactions with people. occupations that are associated with relationships, such as nursing. occupations that are associated with getting things accomplished. like carpentry motivation that drives people to obtain tangible rewards, such as money & prestige. motivation that causes people to work for their own enjoyment, not just for the rewards work may bring the evaluation by society of the role a person plays a condition in which the bones become brittle, fragile, & thin, often brought about by a lack of calcium in the diet starting at around age 40, the ability to discern fine spatial detail in both close and distant objects, beings to decline. a nearly universal change in eyesight during middle adulthood that results in some loss of near vision a condition in which pressure in the fluid of the eye increases, either because the fluid cannot drain properly or because too much fluid is produced loss of the ability to hear sounds of high frequency advantage of exercise on the muscle system slower decline in energy molecules, muscle cell thickness, number of cells, muscle thickness, muscle mass, muscle strength, blood supply, speed of movement, stamina. slower increase in fat fibers, reaction time, recovery time, development of muscle soreness advantage of exercise on the nervous system slower decline in processing impulses by the central nervous system. slower increase in variations in speed of motor neuron impulses advantage of exercise on the circulatory system maintenance of lower levels of LDLs & higher HDL/cholesterol & HDL/LDL ratios. decreased risk of high blood pressure, atherosclerosis, heart attack & stroke advantage of exercise on the skeletal system slower decline in bone minerals. decreased risk of fractures & osteoporosis advantage of exercise on psychological benefits enhanced mood, feelings of well-being, & reduces stress the period that marks the transition from being able to bear children to being unable to do so the period of physical & psychological change relating to the male reproductive system that occurs during late middle age behavior characterized by competitiveness, impatience, & a tendency towards frustration & hostility behavior characterized by non-competitiveness, patience, & a lack of aggression reflects information processing capabilities, reasoning, & memory crystallized intelligence the accumulation of information, skills, & strategies that people have learned through experience & that they can apply in problem-solving situations the process by which people concentrate on particular skill areas to compensate for losses in other areas the acquisition of skill or knowledge in a particular area organized bodies of information stored in memory formal strategies for organizing material in ways that make it more likely to be remembered the approach to personality development that is based on fairly universal stages tied to a sequence of age-related crises. approach to personality development that is based on the timing of particular events in an adult's life rather than on age per se generativity-versus-stagnation stage according to Erikson, the stage during middle adulthood in which people consider their contributions to family & society a stage of uncertainty & indecision brought about by the realization that life is infinite neuroticism, extroversion, openness, agreeableness, & conscientiousness the big five personality traits the degree to which a person is moody, anxious & self-critical how outgoing or shy a person is a person's level of curiosity & interest in new experiences how easygoing & helpful a person tends to be a person's tendencies to be organized & responsible holding realistic expectations. focusing on the positive. compromising. avoiding suffering in silence proven coping mechanisms that allow couples to remain together happily. the experience that relates to parents' feelings of unhappiness, worry, loneliness, & depression resulting from their children's departure from home young adults who return, after leaving home for some period, to live in the homes of their middle-aged parents couples who in middle adulthood must fulfill the needs of both their children & their aging parents cycle of violence hypothesis the theory that abuse & neglect of children leads them to be predisposed to abusiveness as adults a situation that occurs when workers experience dissatisfaction, disillusionment, frustration, & weariness from the job specialists who study aging prejudice & discrimination directed at older people aging that involves universal & irreversible changes that, due to genetic programming, occur as people get older changes in physical & cognitive functioning that are due to illness, health habits, & other individual differences, but which are not due to increased age itself & are not inevitable peripheral slowing hypothesis the theory suggesting the overall processing speed declines in the peripheral nervous system with increasing age generalized slowing hypothesis the theory that processing in all parts of the nervous system, including the brain, is less efficient the most common mental disorder of the elderly, it covers several disease, each of which includes serious memory loss accompanied by declines in other mental functioning a progressive brain disorder that produces loss of memory & confusion genetic programming theories of aging theories that suggest that our body's DNA genetic code contains a built-in time limit for the reproduction of human cells wear-and-tear theories of aging theories that the mechanical functions of the body simply wear out with age the average age of death for members of a population telomere therapy. drug therapy. unlocking longevity genes. reducing free radicals through antioxidant drugs. restricting calories. bionic solution: replacing worn-out organs a combination of some of the following most promising avenues for increasing the length of life include: memories of information about one's own life environmental factors, information processing deficits, biological factors. ways to explain memory changes in old age ego-integrity-versus-despair stage Erikson's final stage of life, characterized by a process of looking back over one's life, evaluating it & coming to terms with it redefinition of self versus preoccupation with work role the theory that those in old age must redefine themselves in ways that do not relate to their work roles or occupations body transcendence versus body preoccupation a period in which people must learn to cope with & move beyond changes in physical capabilities as a result of aging ego transcendence versus ego preoccupation the period in which elderly people must come to grips with their coming death disintegrated & disorganized personalities some people are unable to accept aging & they experience despair as the get older. often found in nursing homes or hospitalized passive-independent personalities others become fearful with age-- fear of falling ill, fear of the future, fear of their own inability to cope. so fearful that they may seek out help from family & care providers even when they don't need it others respond to the fear of aging in a quite a different manner. they try to stop it in its tracks. may attempt to act young, exercising vigorously & engaging in youthful activities. may set up unrealistic expectations for themselves & may end up disappointed most successful individuals cope comfortably with aging. accept becoming older & maintain a sense of self-dignity age stratification theories the view that an unequal distribution of economic resources, power, & privilege exists among people at different stages of the life course expert knowledge in the practical aspects of life theory suggesting that late adulthood is marked by a gradual withdrawal from the world on physical, psychological & social levels the theory suggesting that people need to maintain their desired level of involvement in society in order to maximize their sense of well-being & self-esteem the process by which people concentrate on selected skill areas to compensate for losses in other areas continuing-care community a community that offers an environment in which all the residents are of retirement age or older & need various levels of care Which of the following is considered a factor that affects job satisfaction?Job satisfaction depends on several different factors such as satisfaction with pay, promotion opportunities, fringe benefits, job security, relationship with co-workers and supervisors, etc. Job satisfaction may lead to cost reduction by reducing absences, task errors, conflicts at work and turnover.
What factor contributes to spousal abuse?While domestic abuse strikes couples of all races, religions, social-economic statuses, and sexual orientations, risk factors for men or women becoming victims or abusers include poverty, lack of a high school education, witnessing family violence as a child, having a low sense of self-worth, and attitudes of male ...
Which of the following is the best explanation for why some middleWhich of the following is the best explanation why some middle-age people have some long-term memory loss? Middle-aged people have less efficient retrieval skills for finding and retrieving information, even if the information was adequately stored in long-term memory.
Which of the following is a common reason that boomerang children return home to live with middleOften, boomerang children return to their parents for economic reasons such as low wages, low savings, high debt, or unemployment, or global financial crisis.
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Which of the following is considered a factor that affects job satisfaction for middle-aged workers?
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