Which model has two general stages the motivational phase and the volitional phase?

– Ability and willingness to follow recommended health suggestions – Extent to which a person ’ s behavior coincides with medical or health advice

six methods of measuring adherence

– 1. Ask the practitioner – 2. Ask the patient – 3. Ask other people – 4. Objectively measure behavior – 5. Examine biochemical evidence – 6. Use a combination of those procedures

– Cost – Patients see the regimen as being too difficult – Patients treat regimen as advice rather than “orders” – Patients stop taking medication when symptoms disappear – Optimistic bias • “it won’t happen to me”

4 factors that predict adherence

– Severity of the disease – Treatment characteristics – Personal characteristics – Environmental factors

– Economic factors – Social support – Cultural norms

• use a single set of factors to explain adherence for everyone; “one size fits all”

4 types of continuum theories

– Health belief model – Self-efficacy theory – Theory of planned behavior – Behavioral theory

• The Health Belief Model (Becker and Rosenstock , 1984) suggests four beliefs that should predict health-related behaviors (including adherence): – 1. Perceived susceptibility to disease – 2. Perceived severity of the disease – 3. Perceived benefits of health-enhancing behaviors – 4. Perceived barriers to health-enhancing behaviors

– People will adhere to behaviors if they: • 1. believe they can initiate and carry out this behavior ( self-efficacy ) – A. Performance of a behavior – B. vicarious experience – C. verbal persuasion – D. Physiological arousal states • 2. believe that the behavior will produce valuable outcomes ( outcome expectations )

theory of planned behavior

• Three factors shape intention: » Attitude toward the behavior - positive or negative feelings toward the behavior » Subjective norms - perception of social pressure to perform or not perform behavior » Perceived behavioral control - similar to self-efficacy • Intention then predicts behavior

• Behavioral Theory uses principles of operant conditioning to explain what behaviors will be strengthened or decreased – Reinforcement strengthens behavior – Punishment decreases behavior • Not used very often in health psychology

strengths of continuum theories

– Produced substantial amounts of research to help understand theories – Identify beliefs that should motivate anyone to change his or her behavior – All models are better than chance at predicting behavior

weaknesses of continuum theories 

– Some theories are better at predicting intentions than behaviors – Rely heavily on self-report – Leave out important factors such as self-identity and anticipated emotions

• propose that people pass through a series of stages as they attempt to change their behavior

• Transtheoretical model • Precaution adoption process model • Health action process approach

•

( Prochaska and colleagues, 1992) suggests that people progress and regress through

stages: – Precontemplation – Contemplation – Preparation – Action – Maintenance

precaution adoption process model

(Weinstein, 1998) suggests that people move through

stages in their readiness to adopt a health behavior
–Beginning new complex behaviors, people go through several stages of belief

health action process approach

(Schwarzer, 2008) incorporates aspects of both continuum theories and stage theories
–Two general stages:

- includes outcome expectations, risk perceptions, self-efficacy, and intention

- includes planning and action
–Self-efficacy remains an important predictor
»Maintenance self-efficacy
»Relapse self-efficacy

strengths of stage theories

– Recognize the benefits of tailoring interventions to a person’s stage of behavior change

weaknesses of stage theories

– More complex than Continuum theories; may be unnecessarily complex – People can skip stages – Need longitudinal research to study people throughout the stages

• person ’ s motivation at a given moment to engage in a risky behavior

implementation intentions

– are specific plans that people make that identify what, where, when, and how they intend to engage in a behavior • May help people’s pursuit of their goals become more automatic • May help people be less likely to forget their intentions

two general methods of improving adherence

– 1.

- increasing people’s knowledge • Perhaps emotion-arousing • Ex: lectures, etc. – 2.

- more directly involved in changing behaviors • Ex: ehealth , mhealth – Improving peoples outcomes – Skyping a doctor or something like that – Facebook/twitter groups, etc.

• Four categories of behavioral strategies for improving adherence:

– 1.  Using prompts • Mhealth strategies (alerting phones, body sensors, etc ) – 2.  Tailoring the treatment regimen (or treatment information) to the patient • Motivational interviewing – 3. Using positive reinforcement to shape behavior – 4.  Using a contingency contract • Contract with physician or someone that says will adhere

The inherent desire to engage one’s interests and to exercise and develop one’s capacities.

three aspects to satisfy psychology need

relating to work:

Autonomy – understanding your field

Competence – you feel as though you’re doing a good job at whatever you’re doing

Relatedness – achieve psychological need of relatedness working with others

benefits of intrinsic motivation

persistence-higher intrinsic motivate = greater persistence on task creativity- The greater people experience interest, enjoyment, satisfaction, and challenge of the work itself, the more likely they are to be creative conceptual understanding/high-quality learning- Flexible thinking, Active information processing,

Learn in conceptual way

optimal functioning & well-being- ^ selfactualization, ^ subjective vitality, ls anxiety/depression, ^ self-esteem

An environmentally created reason (e.g., incentives or consequences)

to engage in an action or activity.

External  Regulation  of  Motivation

incentives-An environmental event that attracts or repels a person toward or away from initiating a particular course of action. consequences- 1. Positive Reinforcers Vs. Negative Reinforcers 2.Punishers rewards- Any offering from one person given to another person in exchange for his or her service or achievement.

Intended primary effect – start paying someone to work

Unintended primary effect – they lose their initial intrinsic motivation

punishment is ineffective at work

Negative Emotionality- ex: •crying, •screaming, •feeling afraid

Impaired relationship between punisher and punishee.

Negative modeling

of how to cope with undesirable behavior in others.

"if you do x, you get y" causes: 1. Decreases intrinsic motivation 2. Interferes with quality of learning. 3. External regulation increases;

  Self-regulation undermined

"because you were able to do x, that means you are effective, competent" causes:

1. Increases intrinsic motivation

2. Enhances high-quality learning.

3. Enhances self-regulation.

Four Types of Extrinsic Motivation

- external regulation (parents force you to play soccer)
- introjected regulation (considers playing soccer part of life, but not activity of choice)
- identified reg (plays soccer b/c recognize skill as valuable)
- integrated regulation (incorporated soccer into self-concept)

Motivating others to do uninteresting things (2)

1. Provide a rationale 2. Build interest.
* Applies more easily to kids. * = ways to progress through the motivation continuum!

response modulation (after emotion)

Directly influencing physiological, experiential, or expression

1) Physiological Arousal 2) Expressive Behavior 3) Conscious Experience

Prepare us for action Shape our behavior through reinforcement Regulate social i nteraction Nonverbal communication Add value to experiences Allow us to respond flexibly to our environment

People regulate their emotions when they influence:

-  Which emotions they have

-  When they have emotions

-  How they experience emotions

-  How they express emotions

antecedent focused emotion regulation strategies (before emotion)

Situation Selection
Situation Modification
Attentional Deployment Distraction vs Rumination

Cognitive Change

Resting Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia

the extent the heart rate accelerates during inspiration and decelerates during exhalation

1) strength/resource model 2)metaphorical resource-glucose 3) process model

when you exert self control you are burning glucose

  if you give someone glucose after exertion they will do better at the second situation

-Dynamic and regulated set of behavioral and physiological states during which many processes vital to health and well-being take place
-Altered state of consciousness

stages of sleep (non REM)

Non-REM Sleep – Stage 1: light sleep; sensation of falling
– Stage 2: eye movements stop, brain waves slow – Stage 3: extremely slow brain waves – Stage 4: even slower brain waves ◦ Maintain muscle control ◦ Dreaming occurs in Stages 3-4 (cold, rational dreams—not emotional usually) – Slow-wave sleep (SWS) – difficult to rouse – Feel groggy and disoriented

REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep ◦ Paradoxical – HR and blood pressure increases ◦ Loss of muscle tone (paralysis) ◦ Vivid, emotional dreams (irrational) ◦ Breathing is more rapid, irregular & shallow ◦ Stimulates brain regions used in learning – Brain development ◦ Deprivation can be fatal

1) self report 2) actigraph 3)sleep studies

◦ A way to measure sleep quality and amount of time waking up, heart rate, etc ◦ Typically wear it for about a week

common sleep disturbances (lund et al) 

◦ Stress (35%) ◦ Excess noise (33%) ◦ Cosleeping (7%)

predictor of sleep quality

regression predictors --  – Tension accounted for 21% of the variance in sleep quality (PSQI score) – Stress accounting for 3%

◦ Biological factors (hyperarousal of autonomic nervous system) provide a predisposition for… – Stress induced sleep difficulties

◦ Drug dependence ◦ Becoming dependent on caffeine to stay awake and depressants to fall asleep after all the stimulants

Maintaining optimal physical health, mental and emotional functioning, and cognitive performance

◦ Sleep walking, bed wetting, nightmares and night terrors (common in children) ◦ Nocturnal sleep-related eating disorders and teeth grinding

◦ Insomnia ◦ Obstructive sleep apnea ◦ Restless leg syndrome ◦ Narcolepsy

Trouble falling asleep or staying asleep
Caused by stress, anxiety, hormonal changes, environmental factors, physical or psychiatric issues
Can be transient (<4 weeks), short term(1-6 months), or chronic (> 6 months)

-While sleeping, breathing pauses/stops for 10-20 seconds or more, 20-30 times an hour -Oxygen levels in the blood drop, normal breathing starts again with a loud snort -Leads to excessive daytime sleepiness -Often associated with being overweight/obese -Can be treated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

-Neurological disorder -Unpleasant sensations in the legs and uncontrollable urge to move when resting -Causes difficulty falling asleep -Difficult to treat

-Chronic neurological disorder -Brain’s inability to regulate sleep-wake cycles normally ◦ Fragmented sleep at night -Frequent urges to sleep occurring anytime -Can be disabling when involuntarily falling asleep at school, work, or anywhere -Can be accompanied by cataplexy -Can’t be cured, but can be treated with medication

treatment of sleep problems (3) 

◦ Over-the-counter sleep aids – Antihistamines, melatonin – ◦ Prescription medications – Ambien , Lunesta (short acting sedatives) – ◦ Behavior modification programs

behavior modifications to improve sleep

-Get regular exercise (Shams et al., 2013) -Decrease/eliminate TV & computer use in the bedroom ( Nuutinen et al., 2013) -Decreasing stress (meditation) -Decreasing consumption of caffeine and alcohol

What is the health belief model theory?

What is self

What is health belief model example?

Which stage of the Transtheoretical model of behavioral change is characterized as the Not Ready for Change stage?