Which information would not appear in the references section at the back of a psychology text?

APA Reference Page Formatting and Example

By Saul McLeod, published 2019, updated 2020

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APA Reference Page Formatting and Example
Which of the following can be excluded from the references section?
When referring to the work of other authors what psychologists use?
Which of the following represents the ethics regarding the use of animals in psychological research?
Which of the following guidelines is true regarding the use of nonhuman animals in experiments?

The APA reference page (also called the reference list) is the final page of your paper where all sources you cited in the main text are listed.

It should include the full details of all sources you cited in the main text, arranged alphabetically A-Z by author surname.

Everything cited in the text must appear in the reference list, and everything in your reference page must be something you have referred to in text. Make sure you don't have anything in one place that isn't in the other.

Note: This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which released in October 2019.

Reference Page: Basic Rules

Reference List: Basic Rules

List references on a new page.
Type “References” as page heading, written in boldface, at the top center of the page.
Use double spacing.
Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each work.
For multiple articles by the same author, list the entries in chronological order, from earliest to most recent.
Indent second and subsequent lines of each entry using a hanging indent of 5-7 spaces (by pressing Ctrl + T on a PC, or Command (⌘) + T on a Mac).
All references in APA end with a full stop except when the reference ends with a URL or a DOI.

APA Reference List Example

Journal Article Reference in APA Format

Author or authors. The surname is followed by a comma and the first initials.
Year of publication of the article (in parentheses). End with a period.
Article title. Capitalize only the first letter of the first word. End with a period.
Capitalize all major words in the title of the journal, followed by a comma.
Italicize journal title and volume number. Do not put a space between in the volue number and the parentheses around the issue number.
Issue number of journal in parentheses (no italics) followed by a comma.
Page range of article. Use an en dash (not a hyphen); do not put spaces around the dash. End with a period.
Include a DOI (digital object identifier) for all works that have one (i.e. online journal articles). Do not put a period after the DOI url.

Journal Article (Online): One Author
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number(issue number), page numbers. doi: or URL of the journal's home page
Matsunaga, M. (2011). Underlying circuits of social support for bullied victims: An appraisalbased perspective on supportive communication and postbullying adjustment. Human Communication Research, 37(2), 174-206. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2010.01398.x
Journal Article (Online): 2-7 Authors
Author, A. A., Author, A. A., Author, A. A., Author, A. A., & Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number(issue number), page numbers. doi: or URL of the journal's home page
Williams, S. L., & Mickelson, K. D. (2008). A paradox of support seeking and rejection among the stigmatized. Personal Relationships, 15(4), 493-509. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2008.00212.x

Book Reference in APA Format

Author or authors. The surname is followed by a comma and the first initials.
Year of publication of the article (in parentheses). End with a period.
Book title (in italics). Capitalize only the first letter of the first word. End with a period.
Edition (in parentheses), if other than first. Position this after the title but before the period.
Incude the name of the publisher, followed by a period. Do not include the publisher location.
Include a DOI for all workds that have one, regardless of whether you used the online version or print version. Do not put a period after the DOI url.

Book: One Author
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of the work. Publisher.
Fletcher, D. P. (2018). Disrupters: Success strategies for women who break the mold. Entrepreneur Press.
Book: Two Authors, and Edition
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of the work (edition). Publisher.
Moran, A., & Toner, J. (2017). A critical introduction to sport psychology (3rd ed.). Routledge.
Chapter in an Edited Book: One Author
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of chapter. In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.), Title of the book (pages of chapter). Publisher.
Haybron, M. D. (2008). Philosophy and the science of the subjective well-being. In M. Eid & R. J. Larsen (Eds.), The science of subjective well-being (pp. 17-43). Guilford Press.

Reference for a Chapter in Edited Book in APA Format

Author or authors. The surname is followed by a comma and the first initials.
Year of publication of the article (in parentheses). End with a period.
Title of the book chapter. Capitalize only the first letter of the first word. End with a period.
Write the word "In" and the initials and last name (not inverted) of each editor. Use "(Ed.)" for one editor or "(Eds.)" for multiple editors. End with a comma.
Book title (in italics). Capitalize only the first letter of the first word. End with a period.
Write "pp." and include the chapter page range (in parentheses). End with a period.
Include a DOI if available. Do not put a period after the DOI url.

Reference for a Website in APA Format

Reference for a Chapter in Edited Book in APA Format

Author or authors. The surname is followed by a comma and the first initials.
Year, Month Day of publication (in parentheses). Use the most exact date possible. End with a period.
Title (in italics). End with a period.

Website name. Capitalize all major words. End with a period.
Website URL. Do not put a period after the url.

APA Website Reference Example

McLeod, S. A. (2019, September 29). APA reference page formatting and example. Simply Psychology. www.simplypsychology.org/apa-reference-page.html

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Which of the following can be excluded from the references section?

The reference list must include all references cited in the text of your paper. The only exceptions to this rule are personal communications and classical works; they are cited in text only and are not included in the Reference list.

When referring to the work of other authors what psychologists use?

The American Psychological Association style guide, which is popularly referred to by psychologists, follows the author-date format for in-text citations. This style guide requires authors to present the last name of the author and the date of publication (e.g., Hoffman, 2010).

Which of the following represents the ethics regarding the use of animals in psychological research?

Which of the following represents the ethics regarding the use of animals in psychological research? Animal subjects are often studied when human subjects cannot be.

Which of the following guidelines is true regarding the use of nonhuman animals in experiments?

Which of the following guidelines is true regarding the use of nonhuman animals in experiments? Researchers must minimize discomfort, illness, and pain for the animals.