Presentation on theme: "Learning Principles and Applications"— Presentation transcript: 1 Learning Principles and Applications Show
2 Learning Any relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience. Most learning is associative learning (learning that certain events occur together)
3 Associative Learning We learn by association. Our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence. 4
Classical Conditioning 5 Pavlov’s Discovery Originally interested in understanding how the digestive system worked, Pavlov experimented on dogs by surgically separating
their stomach from their esophagus (which carries food from the mouth to the stomach). In the course of his research, Pavlov noticed three main things: Food put directly into the stomach did not generate enough gastric juices for digestion. Therefore, salivation at the time of eating is critical to proper digestion. Even when no food was put directly into the dog’s mouth, the animal would still salivate at the sight of food. Eventually, the sight of the
experimenter who fed the animal (or the sound of a bell) would cause salivation even if the experimenter was not carrying food. 6 Classical Conditioning – What Is It? 7 Unconditioned Stimulus and Unconditioned Response 8 9
Neutral Stimulus What is introduced next is the neutral stimulus (NS) – a stimulus that does not elicit any response by itself. In the case of the dogs, the experimenter was the neutral stimulus. By himself, there is no reason a dog should salivate at the sight of the experimenter. In order for the subject (the dog) to react to the neutral stimulus (the experimenter), specific conditions are necessary – the subject must associate the neutral
stimulus with the conditioned stimulus. In this case, the dog must associate the experimenter with food. 10 Conditioned Stimulus = 11 Conditioned Response Eventually, the subject will respond to the conditioned stimulus (experimenter) alone,
without needing the unconditioned stimulus (food) to be present. This response that is now triggered by a CS alone is known as the conditioned response (CR) – the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus In other words, even when the experimenter no longer brings food with him, the dog will continue to salivate at the sight of the experimenter, without food even being present. The diagram can reflect this new development like this: Sight of experimenter (CS)
Salivates (CR) 12 Recap of Classical Conditioning Basics
13 Figure 6.2: The sequence of events in classical conditioning.
14 Figure 7.3 Pavlov’s classic experiment Myers: Psychology, Ninth Edition Copyright © 2010 by Worth Publishers
15 Classical Conditioning – Pavlov’s Study 16 Figure 6.1 Classical conditioning apparatus
17 Surrounded by his research staff, the great
Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov (center, white beard) demonstrates his famous classical conditioning experiment with dogs. Surrounded by his research staff, the great Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov (center, white beard) demonstrates his famous classical conditioning experiment with dogs.
18 Video Clips This is on your Video Tool Kit
19 Just for Fun… The power of the bike bell! (not in English, but you’ll get the point!) The Office – Jim Trains Dwight
Watch at home: Eddie Izzard – Pavlov’s Cats Watch at home: The Classical Conditioning Song: 20 Try it on your friends! Classical Conditioning at BGSU (Watch at home:
21 Another Example of Classical Conditioning 22 John B. Watson: The
Next Step in Classical Conditioning
23 The “Little Albert” Experiment 24 Poor Little Albert… Can you identify the components of Little Albert’s conditioning? UCS? UCR?
NS? CS? CR? Another interesting development in Watson’s research was the discovery that not only did Little Albert fear white rats; he also feared white rabbits and showed negative responses to fur coats and Santa Claus masks. Further research by Pavlov explains this phenomenon (see stimulus generalization on future slide) Loud noise Fear/crying Rat clip
25 What happened to Little Albert? 26 Mary C. Jones Another important discovery that was made due to Watson’s research came from one of his students, Mary C. Jones.
She found that you could also turn conditioning into a positive process and use it to cure people (especially children) of certain phobias. In this case, the feared item is continually paired with a favored item until an association is made. This method is still used today to remove all manner of fears-elevators, snakes, dogs, the dark, clowns, etc. Example: A 3 year old named Peter was afraid of rabbits. Jones paired the rabbit repeatedly with food that Peter liked, all the while
bringing the rabbit closer and closer to Peter. Through this process, Peter eventually lost his fear of rabbits. 27 Pavlov’s Legacy Pavlov’s greatest contribution to psychology is isolating elementary behaviors from more complex ones through objective scientific procedures. Preview Question 6: Why
is Pavlov’s work important? Ivan Pavlov ( ) 28 More Classical Conditioning Terminology 29 Acquisition The initial stage of learning.
30 The timing of the acquisition process, cont. 31 Extinction The diminishing of a
conditioned response. 32 Spontaneous Recovery After a rest period, an extinguished CR (salivation) spontaneously recovers, but if the
CS (experimenter or bell) persists alone, the CR becomes extinct again. Figure 8.5 Idealized curve of acquisition, extinction, and spontaneous recovery Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers 33
Figure 6.7: Acquisition, extinction, and spontaneous recovery. 34 Stimulus Generalization 35 Stimulus Discrimination 36 Figure 6.9: Generalization gradients. 37
Higher-Order Conditioning
38 Cognitive Processes and Biological Constraints
39 Cognitive Processes Early behaviorists believed that learned behaviors of various organisms could be reduced to mindless mechanisms. They considered consciousness, or mind, unfit for the scientific study of psychology. However, they underestimated the importance of cognitive processes and biological constraints. Later
behaviorists, like Rescorla and Wagner (1972), disagreed. They suggested that animals learn the predictability of a stimulus, meaning they learn expectancy or awareness of a stimulus. Experimented with rats using tone, light (sometimes), and electric shock Rats feared the tone, but not the light, even though the light was always followed by a shock. The light added no new information; the tone was a better predictor of the shock.
This led to the Signal Relations theory, which illustrates that the predictive value of a CS is an influential factor governing classical conditioning. 40 Cognitive Processes, cont. 41 Biological Predispositions 42 Biological Predispositions: Taste Aversions
43 Biological Predispositions 44 Figure 6.23: Garcia and Koelling’s research on conditioned taste aversion. 45 Biological Predispositions
46 Why is the woman framed in red considered more attractive than the one who’s not? 47 Applications and Examples of Classical Conditioning 48 Functions and Practical Uses of Classical Conditioning
49 Functions and Practical Uses of Classical Conditioning, cont.
50 Applications of Classical Conditioning 51 Examples of Classical Conditioning 52 Examples of Classical Conditioning, cont.
53 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (ch. 26)
54 Political candidates are very savvy about the potential power of classical conditioning. For example, they like to be seen in public with popular celebrities who elicit positive feelings among many voters. Political candidates are very
savvy about the potential power of classical conditioning. For example, they like to be seen in public with popular celebrities who elicit positive feelings among many voters.
55 Figure 7.9 Biopsychosocial influences on learning Myers: Psychology, Ninth Edition Copyright © 2010 by Worth Publishers Which researcher is most commonly associated with the Little Albert study?John B. Watson was an influential American psychologist whose most famous work occurred during the early 20th century at Johns Hopkins University. Watson conducted research on animal behavior, child-rearing, and advertising. Along with this research, he conducted the controversial “Little Albert” study.
What is the process in which an animal learns to avoid certain foods resulted in illness?A conditioned taste aversion involves the avoidance of a certain food following a period of illness after consuming that food. These aversions are a great example of how classical conditioning can result in changes in behavior, even after only one incidence of feeling ill.
Which researcher is most closely associated with Learned Optimism?Learned optimism is a concept from positive psychology's founding father, Martin Seligman, that argues that we can cultivate a positive perspective.
What is the conditioned stimulus in classical conditioning?A conditioned stimulus is a stimulus that can eventually trigger a conditioned response. In the described experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the ringing of the bell, and the conditioned response was salivation. It is important to note that the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus.
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