Rubella is caused by a virus. The fetus or newborn may have symptoms depending on when during the pregnancy infection occurred. Blood tests and tests of other samples can be done to
detect the virus in the fetus, newborn, or mother. Vaccination of the mother before becoming pregnant can prevent the infection in the fetus. There is no specific treatment for the infection. When a baby is born with rubella, the infection is called congenital rubella. In congenital rubella, a woman infected during the first 16 weeks (particularly the first 8 to 10 weeks) of pregnancy passes the virus to the fetus through the placenta (the organ that provides nourishment to the fetus). This infection in the fetus causes miscarriage Miscarriage A miscarriage is the loss of a fetus before 20 weeks of pregnancy. Miscarriages may occur because of a problem in the fetus (such as a genetic disorder or birth defect) or in the woman (such... read more , stillbirth Stillbirth Stillbirth is death of a fetus after 20 weeks of pregnancy. Stillbirth may result from a problem in the woman, placenta, or fetus. Doctors do blood tests to try to identify the cause of a stillbirth... read more , or multiple, severe birth defects Overview of Birth Defects Birth defects, also called congenital anomalies, are physical abnormalities that occur before a baby is born. They are usually obvious within the first year of life. The cause of many birth... read more . The earlier in pregnancy the infection occurs, the greater the risk of severe abnormalities.
The most common symptoms of congenital rubella syndrome in newborns include
Newborns suspected of having congenital rubella syndrome should have blood tests to measure antibody levels, and specimens may be taken and tested to look for the virus. Pregnant women who are not immune to rubella should avoid anyone who has rubella and then be given the vaccine immediately after giving birth so that they will be immune during any future pregnancies. Women cannot be vaccinated during pregnancy because the vaccine contains living virus that might infect the fetus. Because of this risk, all women who receive the rubella vaccine should make sure they do not become pregnant for at least 28 days after vaccination. If an expectant mother who has not been immunized comes into close contact with an infected person early in pregnancy, she may be given an injection of immune globulin to try to help prevent infection.
No specific treatment is available. Support and care for a newborn who has congenital rubella syndrome vary depending on the extent of the newborn's problems. Children who have multiple complications require early treatment from a team of specialists. CLICK HERE FOR THE PROFESSIONAL VERSION  Copyright © 2022 Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA and its affiliates. All rights reserved. Rubella, also called German measles, is an infection that causes mild flu-like symptoms and a rash. Up to half of people infected with rubella don’t have any symptoms and may not even know they’re infected but still spread it to other people. If you get infected during pregnancy, rubella can cause serious problems for your baby. Infection causes the most severe damage when the pregnant person is infected early in their pregnancy, especially in the first 12 weeks (3 months).. Rubella has been nearly eliminated in the United States because of the routine vaccination of children. Vaccination protects a person against rubella for life. But people who were never vaccinated as children can get infected. You can be vaccinated as an adult when you are not pregnant. Between 2005 and 2011, 67 cases of rubella were reported in this country. This is up from the previous period—2001 to 2004—when only 5 cases were reported. Vaccination is the best way to prevent infection. Today less than 10 people in the United States are reported to have rubella and it is usually associated with travel and not being vaccinated. Rubella is common in many other countries. Travelers can bring it into the United States, or you can get it when traveling outside the country. It’s important to get vaccinated for rubella. Talk to your health care provider to make sure you’re protected against it. A blood test can provide you with information about your immunity to rubella What are the signs and symptoms of rubella? Rubella is usually mild, with flu-like symptoms followed by a pink or light red rash. The rash usually starts on the face, then spreads to the rest of the body. The rash lasts about 3 days. Other symptoms include:
Up to 7 in 10 (70 percent) teenage and adult women who get rubella develop arthritis. Arthritis is swelling and pain in your joints. Women who are infected with rubella may feel arthritis in their fingers, wrists and knees. This complication is rare in men or children who get rubella. In rare cases, rubella can cause serious problems, including brain infections and bleeding problems. Some people have no symptoms so you may not know that you or they have rubella. What causes rubella? Rubella is caused by a virus (a tiny organism that can make you sick). It is not caused by the same virus that causes measles. It’s very contagious. It spreads through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes, or by sharing food or drinks with someone who is infected. It also can be passed to a baby from a pregnant person who is infected. A person with rubella may spread the disease to other people up to 1 week before they notice a rash. Infected people can continue to spread the disease up to 7 days after getting a rash. People infected with rubella should tell their friends, family, and the people they work with if they have rubella. If your child has rubella, it’s important to tell their school or daycare provider. Telling others helps prevent the spread of rubella to even more people. What problems can rubella cause during pregnancy? Rubella can be serious for the baby, especially during the first 3months. Having rubella during pregnancy increases the risk of:
Can you pass rubella to your baby during pregnancy? Yes. The best way to protect your baby is to make sure you’re immune to rubella. Immune means being protected from an infection. If you’re immune to an infection, it means you can’t get the infection. You are probably immune to rubella because you were vaccinated as a child or you had the illness during childhood. A blood test can tell if you’re immune to rubella. If you’re thinking about getting pregnant and aren’t sure if you’re immune, talk to your health care provider about getting a blood test. If you were not born in the United States or came as an adult you may not be vaccinated against rubella. Ask your health care provider to do a blood test to see if you are immune to rubella. If you’re not immune to rubella, here’s what you can do to help protect your baby: Before pregnancy. Get the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine. Wait 1 month before trying to get pregnant after getting the shot. During pregnancy. You can be tested at a prenatal visit to make sure you’re immune to rubella. If you’re not immune, the MMR vaccine isn’t recommended during pregnancy. But there are things you can do to help prevent getting infected with rubella:
After pregnancy. Get the MMR vaccination after you give birth. It is safe to get the MMR vaccine while nursing. Being protected from the infection means you can’t pass it to your baby before they get their own MMR vaccination at about 12 months. It also prevents you from passing rubella to your baby during a future pregnancy. What are the chances of passing rubella to your baby during pregnancy? You’re more likely to pass rubella to your baby the earlier you become infected during pregnancy. For example:
If you have rubella during pregnancy, your baby’s provider will carefully monitor your baby after birth to find any problems early. How is rubella treated? There is no specific medicine to treat rubella. In many cases, the symptoms of the disease are mild. Staying in bed (bed rest), drinking fluids and taking medicines to reduce fever can help. Pregnant people with rubella may be treated with acetaminophen to relieve their symptoms. In more serious cases, treatment may include blood transfusion or steroids. A blood transfusion is when you have new blood put into your body. Steroids are synthetic hormones that treat inflammation. Contact your health care provider if you are pregnant and think you have rubella or have been exposed to the disease. Last reviewed: August 2021 See also: Your baby’s vaccinations, Vaccinations and pregnancy How can rubella affect an embryo?Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) is a condition that occurs in a developing baby in the womb whose mother is infected with the rubella virus.. Deafness.. Cataracts.. Heart defects.. Intellectual disabilities.. Liver and spleen damage.. Low birth weight.. Skin rash at birth.. What happens if you get rubella while pregnant?If a pregnant woman catches rubella, it can cause a miscarriage, stillbirth or serious birth defects. In rare cases, rubella can cause arthritis, other forms of joint pain or other rare complications. If you have been diagnosed with rubella and have concerns about any health issues, speak with your doctor.
How does rubella affect physical development?The virus also can pass through a pregnant woman's bloodstream to infect her unborn child. Babies born with congenital rubella syndrome are at risk for serious problems with their growth, thinking, heart and eyes, hearing, and liver, spleen, and bone marrow.
How does rubella cause fetal abnormalities?Intracellular actin assembly is inhibited by rubella infection, leading to inhibition of mitosis and restricted development of precursor cells. Upregulation of cytokines and interferon in infected cells which could contribute to congenital defects.
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When a mother contracts rubella early during the pregnancy a common consequence to the embryo could be the development of physical abnormalities?
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