Whats the present value of $1525 discounted back 5 years if the appropriate interest rate is 6% compounded monthly *?

1. What’s the present value of $1,525 discounted back 5 years if the appropriate interest rate is 6%, compounded monthly? a) $ 969 b) $1, c) $1, d) $1, e) $1,

Solution: Years 5 Periods/Yr 12 Nom. I/YR 6. 0 %

1. Suppose you inherited $275,000 and invested it at 8% per year. How much could you withdraw at the beginning of each of the next 20 years? a) $22,598. b) $23,788. c) $25,040. d) $26,357. e) $27,675.

Solution: BEGIN Mode N 20 I/YR 8% PV $275, FV PMT

1. Which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. A reduction in inventories would have no effect on the current ratio. b. An increase in inventories would have no effect on the current ratio. c. If a firm increases its sales while holding its inventories constant, then, other things held constant, its inventory turnover ratio will increase. d. A reduction in the inventory turnover ratio will generally lead to an increase in the ROE. e. If a firm increases its sales while holding its inventories constant, then, other things held constant, its fixed assets turnover ratio will decline.
2. A firm’s new president wants to strengthen the company’s financial position. Which of the following actions would make it financially stronger? a. Increase accounts receivable while holding sales constant. b. Increase EBIT while holding sales and assets constant. c. Increase accounts payable while holding sales constant. d. Increase notes payable while holding sales constant. e. Increase inventories while holding sales constant.
3. Which of the following would indicate an improvement in a company’s financial position, holding other things constant? a. The inventory and total assets turnover ratios both decline. b. The debt ratio increases. c. The profit margin declines. d. The times-interest-earned ratio declines. e. The current and quick ratios both increase.
4. Which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. The use of debt financing will tend to lower the basic earning power ratio, other things held constant. b. A firm that employs financial leverage will have a higher equity multiplier than an otherwise identical firm that has no debt in its capital structure. c. If two firms have identical sales, interest rates paid, operating costs, and assets, but differ in the way they are financed, the firm with less debt will generally have the higher expected ROE.

$250 of accrued wages and taxes. What was its net operating working capital? a) $2, b) $3, c) $3, d) $3, e) $3,

Solution: NOWC = Current assets – (Current liabilities – Notes payable) NOWC = $4,250 – ($1,825 – $600) NOWC = $3,

10 Publishing recently reported $10,750 of sales, $5,500 of operating costs other than depreciation, and $1,250 of depreciation. The company had $3, of bonds that carry a 6% interest rate, and its federal-plus-state income tax rate was 35%. During the year, the firm had expenditures on fixed assets and net operating working capital that totaled $1,550. These expenditures were necessary for it to sustain operations and generate future sales and cash flows. What was its free cash flow? a. $1, b. $1, c. $2, d. $2, e. $2,

Solution: Bonds $3,500. 00 Interest rate 6% Tax rate 35%

Sales $10,750. 00 Operating costs excluding depreciation 5,500. 0 Depreciation 1,250. 00 Operating income (EBIT) $

4,000. 0

Capex + NOWC= $1, . Tax rate = 3 5 %

FCF = EBIT(1 – T) + Deprec. – (Capex + ΔNOWC) FCF = $2,600 + $1,250 – $1, Free cash flow = $2,

11 corporation can earn 7% if it invests in municipal bonds. The corporation can also earn 8% (before-tax) by investing in preferred stock. Assume that the two investments have equal risk. What is the break-even corporate tax rate that makes the corporation indifferent between the two investments? a. 35% b. 37% c. 39% d. 41% e. 43%

Solution: BT Preferred stock yield 8. 0% Municipal yield 7. 0% Dividend exclusion % 70. 0% Remember that municipal bonds are tax exempt, so their BT yield = AT yield.

Municipal yield = After-tax preferred yield 7% = BT pref. return × [1 – (1 – Div. exclusion %)(T)] 7% = 8% × [1 – 30% × (T)] 88% = [1 – 30% × (T)] T = 39%

Interest charges $228 $

Taxable income $5,273 $4,

• $725. 00 Taxes $1,845 $1,592 - $253. 75 Net income $3,427 $2,956 - $471. 25 Free cash flow = EBIT(1 − T) + Deprec − [Capex + NOWC] $2,825 $3,079 $ . Check on FCF: Δ FCF = Change in depreciation × Tax rate $ .

We like this problem because it illustrates that an increase in depreciation will decrease the firm's net income yet increase its free cash flow, and cash is king.

What Is a Rate of Return (RoR)?

A rate of return (RoR) is the net gain or loss of an investment over a specified time period, expressed as a percentage of the investment’s initial cost. When calculating the rate of return, you are determining the percentage change from the beginning of the period until the end.

Key Takeaways

• The rate of return (RoR) is used to measure the profit or loss of an investment over time.
• The metric of RoR can be used on a variety of assets, from stocks to bonds, real estate, and art.
• The effects of inflation are not taken into consideration in the simple rate of return calculation but are in the real rate of return calculation.
• The internal rate of return (IRR) takes into consideration the time value of money.

Rate of Return

Understanding a Rate of Return (RoR)

A rate of return (RoR) can be applied to any investment vehicle, from real estate to bonds, stocks, and fine art. The RoR works with any asset provided the asset is purchased at one point in time and produces cash flow at some point in the future. Investments are assessed based, in part, on past rates of return, which can be compared against assets of the same type to determine which investments are the most attractive. Many investors like to pick a required rate of return before making an investment choice.

The Formula for Rate of Return (RoR)

The formula to calculate the rate of return (RoR) is:

Rate of return = [ ( Current value − Initial value ) Initial value ] × 1 0 0 \text{Rate of return} = [\frac{(\text{Current value} - \text{Initial value})}{\text{Initial value}}]\times 100 Rate of return=[Initial value(Current value−Initial value)​]×100

This simple rate of return is sometimes called the basic growth rate, or alternatively, return on investment (ROI). If you also consider the effect of the time value of money and inflation, the real rate of return can also be defined as the net amount of discounted cash flows (DCF) received on an investment after adjusting for inflation.

Rate of Return (RoR) on Stocks and Bonds

The rate of return calculations for stocks and bonds is slightly different. Assume an investor buys a stock for $60 a share, owns the stock for five years, and earns a total amount of $10 in dividends. If the investor sells the stock for $80, his per-share gain is $80 - $60 = $20. In addition, he has earned $10 in dividend income for a total gain of $20 + $10 = $30. The rate of return for the stock is thus a $30 gain per share, divided by the $60 cost per share, or 50%.

On the other hand, consider an investor that pays $1,000 for a $1,000 par value 5% coupon bond. The investment earns $50 in interest income per year. If the investor sells the bond for $1,100 in premium value and earns $100 in total interest, the investor’s rate of return is the $100 gain on the sale, plus $100 interest income divided by the $1,000 initial cost, or 20%.

Real Rate of Return (RoR) vs. Nominal Rate of Return (RoR)

The simple rate of return is considered a nominal rate of return since it does not account for the effect of inflation over time. Inflation reduces the purchasing power of money, and so $335,000 six years from now is not the same as $335,000 today.

Discounting is one way to account for the time value of money. Once the effect of inflation is taken into account, we call that the real rate of return (or the inflation-adjusted rate of return).

Real Rate of Return (RoR) vs. Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR)

A closely related concept to the simple rate of return is the compound annual growth rate (CAGR). The CAGR is the mean annual rate of return of an investment over a specified period of time longer than one year, which means the calculation must factor in growth over multiple periods.

To calculate compound annual growth rate, we divide the value of an investment at the end of the period in question by its value at the beginning of that period; raise the result to the power of one divided by the number of holding periods, such as years; and subtract one from the subsequent result.

Example of a Rate of Return (RoR)

The rate of return can be calculated for any investment, dealing with any kind of asset. Let's take the example of purchasing a home as a basic example for understanding how to calculate the RoR. Say that you buy a house for $250,000 (for simplicity let's assume you pay 100% cash).

Six years later, you decide to sell the house—maybe your family is growing and you need to move into a larger place. You are able to sell the house for $335,000, after deducting any realtor's fees and taxes. The simple rate of return on the purchase and sale of the house is as follows:

( 3 3 5 , 0 0 0 − 2 5 0 , 0 0 0 ) 2 5 0 , 0 0 0 × 1 0 0 = 3 4 % \frac{(335,000-250,000)}{250,000} \times 100 = 34\% 250,000(335,000−250,000)​×100=34%

Now, what if, instead, you sold the house for less than you paid for it—say, for $187,500? The same equation can be used to calculate your loss, or the negative rate of return, on the transaction: 

( 1 8 7 , 5 0 0 − 2 5 0 , 0 0 0 ) 2 5 0 , 0 0 0 × 1 0 0 = − 2 5 % \frac{(187,500 - 250,000)}{250,000} \times 100 = -25\% 250,000(187,500−250,000)​×100=−25%

Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Discounted Cash Flow (DCF)

The next step in understanding RoR over time is to account for the time value of money (TVM), which the CAGR ignores. Discounted cash flows take the earnings of an investment and discount each of the cash flows based on a discount rate. The discount rate represents a minimum rate of return acceptable to the investor, or an assumed rate of inflation. In addition to investors, businesses use discounted cash flows to assess the profitability of their investments.

Assume, for example, a company is considering the purchase of a new piece of equipment for $10,000, and the firm uses a discount rate of 5%. After a $10,000 cash outflow, the equipment is used in the operations of the business and increases cash inflows by $2,000 a year for five years. The business applies present value table factors to the $10,000 outflow and to the $2,000 inflow each year for five years.

The $2,000 inflow in year five would be discounted using the discount rate at 5% for five years. If the sum of all the adjusted cash inflows and outflows is greater than zero, the investment is profitable. A positive net cash inflow also means that the rate of return is higher than the 5% discount rate.

The rate of return using discounted cash flows is also known as the internal rate of return (IRR). The internal rate of return is a discount rate that makes the net present value (NPV) of all cash flows from a particular project or investment equal to zero. IRR calculations rely on the same formula as NPV does and utilizes the time value of money (using interest rates). The formula for IRR is as follows:

I R R = N P V = ∑ t = 1 T C t ( 1 + r ) t − C 0 = 0 where: T = total number of time periods t = time period C t = net cash inflow-outflows during a single period  t C 0 = baseline cash inflow-outflows r = discount rate \begin{aligned} &IRR = NPV = \sum_{t = 1}^T \frac{C_t}{(1+ r)^t} - C_0 = 0 \\ &\textbf{where:}\\ &T=\text{total number of time periods}\\ &t = \text{time period}\\ &C_t = \text{net cash inflow-outflows during a single period }t \\ &C_0 = \text{baseline cash inflow-outflows}\\ &r = \text{discount rate}\\ \end{aligned} ​IRR=NPV=t=1∑T​(1+r)tCt​​−C0​=0where:T=total number of time periodst=time periodCt​=net cash inflow-outflows during a single period tC0​=baseline cash inflow-outflowsr=discount rate​

What's the present value of $1525 discounted back 5 years?

Whats the present value of $1525 discounted back 5 years if the appropriate interest rate is 6% compounded monthly?

What's the present value of $1500 discounted back 5 years if the appropriate interest rate is 6% compounded monthly?

What is present value discounted by?