What two default wireless router settings can affect network security? (Choose two)

For the best security, performance and reliability, we recommend using these settings for all Wi-Fi routers, base stations or access points used with Apple products. 

About privacy and security warnings on your device

If your Apple device displays a privacy warning or warning about the weak security of a Wi-Fi network, that network could expose information about your device.

• If you administer the Wi-Fi network, we recommend that you update the settings of your Wi-Fi router to meet or exceed the security standards in this article.
• If you don't administer the Wi-Fi network, you can bring the recommended settings in this article to the attention of the network administrator.

Router settings

To ensure your devices can connect securely and reliably to your network, apply these settings consistently to each Wi-Fi router and access point, and to each band of a dual-band, tri-band or other multi-band router. Before changing the settings, you should take these steps:

• Back up your existing settings, in case you need to restore them.
• Install the latest firmware updates for your router. This is generally done from the app or web page that you use to administer the router.
• Update the software on your other devices, such as on your Mac and on your iPhone or iPad, to ensure they have the latest security updates and work best with each other.

After changing the settings, you may need to forget the network on each device that previously joined the network. This ensures the device uses the router's new settings when rejoining the network.
   

Security

The security setting defines the type of authentication and encryption used by your router, and the level of privacy protection for data transmitted over its network. Whichever setting you choose, always set a strong password for joining the network.

• WPA3 Personal is the newest, most secure protocol currently available for Wi-Fi devices. It works with all devices that support Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax), and some older devices too. 
• WPA2/WPA3 Transitional is a mixed mode that uses WPA3 Personal with devices that support that protocol, while allowing older devices to use WPA2 Personal (AES) instead.
• WPA2 Personal (AES) is appropriate when you can't use one of the more secure modes. In that case, also choose AES as the encryption or cipher type, if available.

Weak security settings to avoid on your router

Don't create or join networks that use older, deprecated security protocols. These are no longer secure, they reduce network reliability and performance, and they'll cause your device to display a security warning:

• WPA/WPA2 mixed modes
• WPA Personal
• WEP, including WEP Open, WEP Shared, WEP Transitional Security Network or Dynamic WEP (WEP with 802.1X)
• TKIP, including any security setting with TKIP in the name

Settings that turn off security, such as None, Open or Unsecured, are also strongly discouraged. Turning off security disables authentication and encryption and allows anyone to join your network, access its shared resources (including printers, computers and smart devices), use your internet connection, and monitor the websites you visit and other data that's transmitted over your network or internet connection. This is a risk even if security has been turned off temporarily or for a guest network.

Network name (SSID)

The Wi-Fi network name, or service set identifier (SSID), is the name your network uses to advertise its presence to other devices. It's also the name that nearby users will see on their device's list of available networks.

Use a name that's unique to your network, and make sure all routers on your network use the same name for every band they support.

• Don't use common names or default names such as linksys, netgear, dlink, wireless or 2wire.
• Don't give your 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz or 6 GHz bands different names. All bands should have the same name.

If you don't follow this guidance, your devices may not connect reliably to your network, to all of the routers on your network or to all of the available bands of your routers. And devices that join your network are more likely to encounter other networks that have the same name, and then automatically try to connect to them.

Hidden network

A router can be configured to hide its network name, or SSID. Your router may incorrectly use "closed" to mean hidden, and "broadcast" to mean not hidden.

Hiding the network name doesn't conceal the network from being detected or secure it against unauthorised access. And because of the way devices search for and connect to Wi-Fi networks, using a hidden network may expose information that can be used to identify you and the hidden networks you use, such as your home network. When connected to a hidden network, your device may display a privacy warning due to this privacy risk.

To secure access to your network, use the appropriate security setting instead.

MAC address filtering, authentication and access control

When this feature is enabled, your router can be set up to only allow devices that have specified media access control (MAC) addresses to join the network. Reasons why you shouldn't rely on this feature to prevent unauthorised access to your network:

• It doesn't prevent network observers from monitoring or intercepting traffic on the network. 
• MAC addresses can easily be copied, spoofed (impersonated) or changed.
• To help protect user privacy, some Apple devices use a different MAC address for each Wi-Fi network.

To secure access to your network, use the appropriate security setting instead.

Automatic firmware updates

If possible, set your router to install software and firmware updates automatically when they become available. These updates can affect the security settings available to you, and they deliver other important improvements to the stability, performance and security of your router.

Radio mode

Radio mode settings, available separately for 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz and 6GHz bands, control which versions of the Wi-Fi standard the router uses for wireless communication. Newer versions offer better performance and can support more devices concurrently.

It's usually best to enable every mode that's offered by your router, rather than a subset of these modes. All devices, including older devices, can then connect using the fastest radio mode they support. This also helps reduce interference from nearby legacy networks and devices.

Bands

A Wi-Fi band is like a road that data can flow down. More bands provide more data capacity and performance for your network. 

Channel

Each band of your router is divided into multiple, independent communication channels, like different lanes on a road. When channel selection is set to automatic, your router will select the best Wi-Fi channel for you.

If your router doesn't support automatic channel selection, choose whichever channel performs best in your network environment. That varies depending on the Wi-Fi interference in your network environment, which can include interference from any other routers and devices that are using the same channel. If you have multiple routers, configure each one to use a different channel, especially if they are close to each other.

Channel width

Channel width specifies how large of a "pipe" is available to transfer data. Wider channels are faster but more susceptible to interference, and also more likely to interfere with other devices.

• 20 MHz for the 2.4 GHz band helps to avoid performance and reliability issues, especially near other Wi-Fi networks and 2.4 GHz devices, including Bluetooth devices.
• Auto or all channel widths for 5 GHz and 6 GHz bands ensures the best performance and compatibility with all devices. Wireless interference is less of a concern in these bands.

DHCP

Dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) assigns IP addresses to devices on your network. Each IP address identifies a device on the network and enables it to communicate with other devices on the network and internet. A network device needs an IP address, much like a phone needs a phone number.

Your network should only have one DHCP server. If DHCP is enabled on more than one device, such as on both your cable modem and router, address conflicts may prevent some devices from connecting to the internet or using network resources.

DHCP lease time

DHCP lease time is the length of time that an IP address assigned to a device is reserved for that device.

Wi-Fi routers usually have a limited number of IP addresses they can assign to devices on the network. If that number is depleted, the router can't assign IP addresses to new devices, preventing those devices from communicating with other devices on the network and internet. Reducing DHCP lease time allows the router to more quickly reclaim and reassign old IP addresses that are no longer being used.

NAT

Network address translation (NAT) translates between addresses on the internet and addresses on your network. NAT can be understood by imagining a company's post room, where deliveries to employees at the company's address are directed to employee offices within the building.

You should generally only enable NAT on your router. If NAT is enabled on more than one device, such as on both your cable modem and router, the resulting "double NAT" may cause devices to lose access to certain resources on the network or internet.

WMM

WMM (Wi-Fi multimedia) prioritises network traffic to improve the performance of a variety of network applications, such as video and voice. All routers that support Wi-Fi 4 (802.11n) or later should have WMM enabled by default. Disabling WMM can affect the performance and reliability of devices on the network.

Device features that can affect Wi-Fi connections

These features may affect how you set up your router or the devices that connect to it. 

Private Wi-Fi Address

Location Services

Make sure your device has Location Services turned on for Wi-Fi networking, because regulations in each country or region define the Wi-Fi channels and wireless signal strength allowed there. Location Services helps to ensure your device can reliably see and connect to nearby devices, and that it performs well when using Wi-Fi or features that rely on Wi-Fi, such as AirPlay or AirDrop.

On your Mac with macOS Ventura or later

1. Choose Apple menu  > System Settings, then click Privacy & Security in the sidebar.
2. Click Location Services on the right.
3. Scroll to the bottom of the list of apps and services, then click the Details button next to System Services.
4. Turn on "Networking and wireless", then click Done.

On your Mac with macOS Monterey or earlier

1. Choose Apple menu  > System Preferences, then click Security & Privacy. 
2. Click the lock 
   
    in the corner of the window, then enter your administrator password.
3. In the Privacy tab, select Location Services, then select Enable Location Services.
4. Scroll to the bottom of the list of apps and services, then click the Details button next to System Services.
5. Select Networking & Wireless (or Wi-Fi Networking), then click Done.

On your iPhone or iPad

1. Go to Settings > Privacy & Security (or Privacy) > Location Services.
2. Turn on Location Services.
3. Scroll to the bottom of the list, then tap System Services.
4. Turn on Networking & Wireless (or Wi-Fi Networking).

Auto-Join when used with wireless network provider Wi-Fi networks

Wireless network provider Wi-Fi networks are public networks set up by your wireless network provider and their partners. Your iPhone or other Apple mobile device treats them as known networks and connects to them automatically.

If you see "Privacy Warning" under the name of your network provider's network in Wi-Fi settings, your mobile identity could be exposed if your device were to join a malicious hotspot impersonating your network provider's Wi-Fi network. To avoid this possibility, you can prevent your iPhone or iPad from automatically rejoining your network provider's Wi-Fi network:

1. Go to Settings > Wi-Fi.
2. Tap 
   
    next to the wireless network provider's network.
3. Turn off Auto-Join.

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Published Date: November 09, 2022

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