In 1973, design theorists Horst Rittel and Melvin Webber introduced the term "wicked problem" in order to draw attention to the complexities and challenges of addressing planning and social policy problems. Unlike the “tame” problems of mathematics and chess, the wicked problems of planning lack clarity in both their aims and solutions. In addition to these challenges of articulation and internal logic, they are subject to real-world constraints that prevent multiple and risk-free attempts at solving. As described by Rittel and Webber, wicked problems have 10 important characteristics: Show
1) They do not have a definitive formulation. 2) They do not have a “stopping rule.” In other words, these problems lack an inherent logic that signals when they are solved. 3) Their solutions are not true or false, only good or bad. 4) There is no way to test the solution to a wicked problem. 5) They cannot be studied through trial and error. Their solutions are irreversible so, as Rittel and Webber put it, “every trial counts.” 6) There is no end to the number of solutions or approaches to a wicked problem. 7) All wicked problems are essentially unique. 8) Wicked problems can always be described as the symptom of other problems. 9) The way a wicked problem is described determines its possible solutions. 10) Planners, that is those who present solutions to these problems, have no right to be wrong. Unlike mathematicians, “planners are liable for the consequences of the solutions they generate; the effects can matter a great deal to the people who are touched by those actions.” Climate change, like problems in education policy and public health, is a wicked problem. It avoids straightforward articulation and is impossible to solve in a way that is simple or final. Our changing conversations around climate science and conservation, the unique regional factors that determine the local consequences of climate change, and our ability to present endless possible solutions (as well as the irreversibility of these solutions) require we approach climate change with holistic and collaborative reasoning in search of long-term, future focused solutions. As scholars who work in the environmental humanities our goal is to understanding the problems of climate change while also critiquing the language and methods we use to articulate those problems. Rittel, H. W., & Webber, M. M. (1973). "Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning." Policy sciences, 4(2), 155-169. https://www.cc.gatech.edu/fac/ellendo/rittel/rittel-dilemma.pdf . How common is dementia?Of those at least 65 years of age, there is an estimated 5.0 million adults with dementia in 2014 and projected to be nearly 14 million by 2060. Isn’t dementia part of normal aging?No, many older adults live their entire lives without developing dementia. Normal aging may include weakening muscles and bones, stiffening of arteries and vessels, and some age-related memory changes that may show as:
Normally, knowledge and experiences built over years, old memories, and language would stay intact. What are the signs and symptoms of dementia?Because dementia is a general term, its symptoms can vary widely from person to person. People with dementia have problems with:
Signs that may point to dementia include:
What increases the risk for dementia?
How is dementia diagnosed?A healthcare provider can perform tests on attention, memory, problem solving and other cognitive abilities to see if there is cause for concern. A physical exam, blood tests, and brain scans like a CT or MRI can help determine an underlying cause. What are the most common types of dementia?
How is dementia treated?Treatment of dementia depends on the underlying cause. Neurodegenerative dementias, like Alzheimer’s disease, have no cure, though there are medications that can help protect the brain or manage symptoms such as anxiety or behavior changes. Research to develop more treatment options is ongoing. Leading a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise, healthy eating, and maintaining social contacts, decreases chances of developing chronic diseases and may reduce number of people with dementia. What to do if a loved one is suspicious of having dementia?
What is the term for the ability to take multiple aspects of a situation into account?Decentering (also known as Decentration) refers to the ability to consider multiple aspects of a situation. In Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the third stage is called Concrete Operational stage, where a child age 7-12 shows increased use of logic.
What is the term for an understanding about the processes that underlie memory quizlet?Metamemory. An understanding about the processes that underlie memory that emerges and improves during middle childhood.
When a child initially records information in a form usable to memory this is called?encoding. how a child initially records information in form usable to memory. metamemory. and understanding about the processes that underlie memory that emerges and improves during middle childhood.
What is the term for the educational setting that is most similar?selective optimization. what is the term for the educational setting that is most similar to that of children without special needs? least restrictive environment.
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