What do studies on the use of emotional focused approach within disadvantaged groups appear to indicate quizlet?

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Terms in this set (279)

Depressed people continue to look at an unpleasant image for a longer than average time instead of looking away to try to cheer themselves up as most people would.

True

According to the broaden-and-build hypothesis of positive emotions, positive emotions expand our attention, helping us survey the environment and appreciate opportunities someone might have overlooked otherwise.

True

Happy people are more likely than usual to be creative and attend to global patterns rather than focusing on small details.

True

Sadness tends to broaden attention, as happiness does, whereas anger narrows attention.

True

Strong approach motivation (appetitive positive emotion) narrows attention.

True

The stronger one's approach motivation the more detail oriented attention will become.

True

On average, people remember best items such as photos that produce an emotional reaction.

True

A moderate degree of arousal improves memory storage.

True

People remember emotionally arousing pictures better than average if they see the pictures rapidly, with little or no opportunity for rehearsal.

True

Interrupting the physiological arousal (somatic component of the emotion involving the sympathetic nervous system) elicited by a strong emotion by use of a beta-blocker (to reduce the magnitude of the heart rate response) will disrupt the effect of emotion on memory.

True

Although flashbulb memories are vivid and image-like research indicates that they are not always accurate.

True

Americans were asked to recall details of what they were doing when they heard the news of the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, 2001 shortly after the attacks and at a later time (e.g., two years later). Both times Americans said they had vivid memories, and the vivid memories were virtually identical both times.

False - Americans were asked to recall details of what they were doing when they heard the news of the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, 2001 shortly after the attacks and at a later time (e.g., two years later). Both times Americans said they had vivid memories, and the vivid memories were different both times.

Strong emotional experiences at the time of an event may make the memory of the event strong and vivid but it does not insure the accuracy of the memory.

True

If you are highly confident while you report a memory of a recent event then what you say is probably correct, especially if it is the first time you described it.

True

If you are highly confident while you report a memory of an event that occurred a long time ago then what you say is probably correct, if you have discussed it repeatedly.

False - If you are highly confident while you report a memory of an event that occurred a long time ago then what you say is can be sadly mistaken, especially if you have discussed it repeatedly.

Sleep is important to memory consolidation in that the memory consolidation requires the strengthening of synapses and during sleep the brain weakens some of the irrelevant synapses, enabling the strengthened ones to stand out in contrast.

True

Emotional arousal facilitates memory consolidation, partly because of the activation of the amygdala.

True

When people view images, they remember most accurately the ones that produced the greatest degree of amygdala activation.

True

Emotionally arousing events activate the locus coeruleus which then sends messages via its widely branching axons, releasing norepinephrine throughout the cerebral cortex.

True

The norepinephrine secreted by locus coeruleus neurons magnifies the response of the neurons that are already active and suppresses the response of those that are less active, resulting in increased attention and memory about important information.

True

Emotional excitement increases the release of epinephrine (adrenaline) and cortisol from the adrenal gland.

True

Studies of both humans and laboratory animals have indicated that a direct injection of a low to moderate amount of epinephrine or cortisol strengthens the memory of an event, although larger amounts interfere.

True

Epinephrine and cortisol stimulate the vagus nerve which in turn excites the amygdala.

True

Epinephrine and cortisol are only effective in strengthening memory if they are administered right after the event.

False - Epinephrine and cortisol are effective in strengthening memory even when they are administered right after the event.

According to the synaptic tag-and-capture hypothesis when you form a memory the brain puts a tag on it for potential consolidation later.

True

Emotional arousal (or administration of epinephrine or cortisol) after the brain has tagged a memory increases the chances that the memory will be consolidated.

True

When you are in a good mood you are more likely to remember events that previously happened when you were in a good mood and when you are sad you are more likely than usual to recall other events that made you sad.

True

When you are frightened you remember frightening information and when you are angry you remember information consistent with being angry.

True

People asked to imagine themselves in an anger-producing situation were more likely to blame someone else (roommates in the study cited) for a problem, whereas they were more likely to blame the problem on bad luck if they were in an imagination-produced sad mood.

True

Angry people blame most bad events on people instead of blaming them on changed circumstances, whereas the reverse is true for sad people.

True

Anger is like happiness because both emotions imply certainty, which leads to confidence and optimistic predictions about almost anything, whereas sadness, fear and worry imply uncertainty, which leads to low confidence, pessimism, and a tendency to avoid risks.

True

Heuristic cognition relies on collecting relevant information and evaluating it carefully and as logically as you can, whereas systematic cognition relies on easy, superficial considerations such as agreeing with people you like.

False - Systematic cognition relies on collecting relevant information and evaluating it carefully and as logically as you can, whereas heuristic cognition relies on easy, superficial considerations such as agreeing with people you like.

You are more likely to use heuristic cognition when you are tired, busy, or too distracted to take much time to make a careful decision.

True

People in a happy mood are more likely than average to engage in heuristic cognition, accepting some type of persuasion without evaluating it carefully.

True

Sadness predisposes people to systematic reasoning and paying more attention to the quality of evidence for a view.

True

A strong argument (based on reason and facts) for a particular view has been found to be more persuasive to people in a sad mood than to people in a happy mood, whereas a weak argument (superficial) was found to be more persuasive to those in a happy mood.

True

Stereotypes offer a way to shortcut decision making and use heuristics instead of analyzing the evidence carefully.

True

People in a sad mood compared to people in a happy mood are more likely to use stereotypes in making decisions.

False - People in a happy mood compared to people in a sad mood are more likely to use stereotypes in making decisions.

One hypothesis concerning differences in processing of information seen in people in a sad mood versus a happy mood is that people interpret sadness as a signal that they are in a dangerous situation calling for attentiveness and caution, whereas happy people infer from their mood that the situation is safe and they can relax.

True

Results of several studies suggest that highly confident people are more likely to make quick decisions based on weak evidence.

True

In regards to the validity of the depressive realism construct, it might be better to call depressed people unconfident and indecisive rather than rational and realistic.

True

When questions are difficult, non-depressed people are more likely to overestimate the number of questions they have answered correctly, whereas depressed people are less likely than others to overestimate how many questions they have answered correctly.

True

Sad or depressed people consistently show lack of confidence in their opinions, regardless of whether their opinion is right or wrong, whereas others make the opposite mistake showing high optimism and high confidence in both right and wrong opinions.

True

Depressed people, compared to others, underestimate the amount of control they have in a situation where they have no control at all.

True

A happy mood state promotes creative thinking, whereas sadness and anxiety either inhibit creativity or have no apparent effect.

True

According to the affect infusion model people use their current emotion as information in reaching a decision, even if the decision pertains to something unrelated to the source of the emotion.

True

If you are feeling bad and are not sure why you report being generally dissatisfied with life, whereas if you blame your bad feelings on the situation (e.g., bad weather) you discount your current mood state while answering questions about your current long-term life satisfaction.

True

In a study involving people who had physical cold symptoms, subjects in a group in which a sad mood state (versus happy or neutral) was induced reported more severe symptoms and less confidence that they could do things to make themselves feel better.

True

If we feel good then whatever we are currently contemplating seems good and valuable, whereas if we feel bad we assume the object is also bad.

True

Somatic marker refers to the brains representation of the physiological response that you would feel with each of a number of possible outcomes following a decision.

True

People feel much more guilt after committing harm by commission than by omission.

True

Providing people accurate information tends to decrease support for the death penalty but most people make their decision first (rapidly) and later look for facts that support the decision they already made.

True

Almost half of U.S. college students say they would bet $10 on a one-in-a-million chance of winning a million dollars.

True

The low probability high payoff bet seems appealing because we anticipate (anticipatory pleasure) enormous pleasure from a possible win but low probability of winning does not weaken our emotions.

True

Younger people report more frequent emotions than older people and high-income people report having feeling emotions less often than lower-income people, but the totals for men and women are almost identical.

True

The stereotype that women are more emotional than men is not supported by data.

True

Men report experiencing positive emotions more often than women, whereas women report experiencing negative emotions more often than men.

True

The observation that women report experiencing negative emotions more often than men can be accounted for by household income. On average, women's household income is lower than men's, and lower household income is associated with more negative emotions

True

Women report experiencing fear and sadness more often than men but no gender differences are observed for frequencies of anger and embarrassment/shame.

True

The observation that men report experiencing positive emotions more frequently than women may be due to differences in social status and power between men and women. Men have higher status and social power, which confers greater opportunities for reward and increased access to many rewards, and hence opportunities for a greater number of positive emotional experiences.

True

Gender differences in fear and sadness may reflect differences in power and status in that the appraisal profiles associated with these two emotions, appraisal of control or coping ability, are low in people with lower social status and power.

True

Cross-cultural studies provide evidence that men and women do not differ in their experience of anger or disgust, in terms of intensity, but women report higher levels of fear and sadness, shame and guilt.

True

Cross-cultural studies indicate that the higher level of sadness and fear observed in women (compared to men) in different cultures does not depend on the level of gender equality in the culture.

True

Men, but not women, experience less intense sadness and fear in societies where there is higher gender equality.

True

Cross-cultural studies provide convincing evidence for the idea that when women have more power in society men feel more threatened and are less happy.

False - Results from cross-cultural studies are inconsistent with the idea that when women have more power in society men feel more threatened and are less happy.

Cross-cultural studies provide evidence that women express anger openly more often in more egalitarian countries where there is greater gender equality

True

Differences observed in the emotions of men and women are influenced more by the power dynamics of society than by innate sex differences.

True

In regard to emotion regulation, women, report more frequent cognitive reappraisal, acceptance (not trying to resist a situation), emotional support seeking, and rumination than men.

True

Men report a stronger likelihood of concealing an emotion in situations involving disappointment, fear or sadness, whereas women are more likely to say they would conceal their anger.

True

Women report expressing their emotions to get them out of their system (catharsis) and to suppress them for the sake of a relationship with a friend.

True

Men tend to suppress expression of their emotions more often than women, whereas women are more active in processing and regulating their experiences of emotions in a variety of ways.

True

Studies of gender differences in empathy indicate women are more likely to empathize with other's pain regardless of their relationship, whereas men are more selective, tending to empathizing only with people they like, approve of/ and or trust.

True

Factor analysis of scores on personality questionnaires indicate that the Big Five factors are key dimensions of personality in other languages and cultures.

True

People who are highly extraverted are not only happier on average but respond to specific positive stimuli with greater increases in positive emotions than those who are more introverted.

True

Extraverts show greater neural activation in some parts of the reward circuit in the brain than introverts do, and extraverts are more likely to have a type of dopamine receptor than enhances dopamine transmission.

True

Extraverted and introverted individuals report similar amounts of positive affect during social interactions but extraverts have been found to engage in social interactions more often than introverts.

True

Extraversion facilitates positive affect by increasing engagement in pleasurable activities, especially social ones.

True

People scoring high on the Big Five dimension of neuroticism rely on wishful thinking, withdrawal, and emotion-focused coping strategies, and less on effective strategies such as problem-solving and reappraisal.

True

People scoring high on the Big Five dimension of neuroticism report less use of reappraisal to regulate their emotions.

True

People scoring high on the Big Five dimension of neuroticism try to make themselves more worried and upset when they have to perform a difficult task and worrying improves their performance.

True

The Big Five dimension of agreeableness is associated with more frequent and intense experiences of love, compassion and forgiveness, and lower proneness to anger.

True

People scoring high on the Big Five dimension of agreeableness say they put more effort into trying to manage their emotions and show greater activation of the prefrontal cortex activity while viewing distressing photographs, consistent with a greater degree of regulation activity taking place in these individuals.

True

People scoring high on the Big Five dimension of agreeableness seem to be able to blame another individual for a negative event, yet feel less anger toward them.

True

In one study, people scoring high on the Big Five dimension of conscientiousness were found to report less anger in response to insults and angry feelings were not associated with aggressive behavior.

True

According to Jensen-Campbell and colleagues (and other investigators) conscientiousness reflects an overall tendency toward good self-control and tendency to be able to regulate emotions as well as thoughts and actions.

True

Both agreeableness and conscientiousness may affect emotions because of better emotion regulation associated with higher scores on the two dimensions.

True

The dimension of openness to experience in the Big Five model predicts dispositional positive affect, and is associated with frequent and intense feeling of love, compassion, and awe.

True

People scoring high on openness to experiences are more likely to respond more compassionately and less judgmentally to a wider range of people.

True

People who are generally happy tend to have higher neural activity in the right hemisphere whereas people who tend to be sad, including depressed people, tend to have higher activity in the left hemisphere.

False - People who are generally happy tend to have higher neural activity in the left hemisphere whereas people who tend to be sad, including depressed people, tend to have higher activity in the right hemisphere.

Participants in one study (Wheeler and colleagues) showed greater activation in the right hemisphere (at rest) and reported greater distress while viewing two kinds of negative films, whereas subjects with greater activation of the left hemisphere (at rest) showed more intense responses to positive films.

True

Infants who tend to show more right-hemisphere activity (at rest) tend to respond more strongly than others to any possible threatening stimulus and they tend to cry more than average.

True

Children with more left frontal hemispheric activity at 14 months of age were found to show more emotional responsiveness and social interaction at age 4 years, whereas those with more right hemisphere activity at 14 months were more withdrawn at age 4 years.

True

High levels of right frontal cortical activation are associated with higher behavioral approach, whereas as high left frontal cortical activity is associated with behavioral avoidance (tendency to withdraw from threat).

False - High levels of right frontal cortical activation are associated with higher behavioral avoidance, whereas as high left frontal cortical activity is associated with more activity and approach.

Anger, like happiness is associated with approach motivation whereas sadness and fear are linked to withdrawal motivation.

True

People with the short form (allele) of the serotonin transporter gene, show greater anxiety, and greater tendency to learn new fears, higher levels of neuroticism and higher probability of major depression.

True

The long serotonin transporter allele is linked to the Big Five dimension of agreeableness.

True

The relationship between stress and depression is stronger among individuals with one or more short alleles than two long alleles of the serotonin transporter gene.

True

Rather than a directly increasing risk of depression the short alleles of the serotonin transporter gene seem to function to amplify the negative effects of stress.

True

A large meta-analysis including 54 studies, indicates clear evidence of an interaction between life stress and serotonin transporter genotype in predicting depression.

True

The short allele of the serotonin transporter gene predicts responses to positive environments (e.g., responses to parental warmth and support) as well as stressful ones.

True

Preteens and adolescents with two short alleles of the serotonin transporter gene are more responsive to parents' warmth and support, with those in highly positive parenting environments reporting more positive emotions.; this effect is blunted for participants with one or more long alleles of the gene.

True

In general, the short serotonin transporter allele may be best thought of as enhancing social/emotional sensitivity rather than negative emotion or risk for psychopathology.

True

The incremental validity of the construct "emotional intelligence" is high and thus adds a considerable amount to IQ tests and personality tests in predicting life satisfaction scores of individuals.

False - Not enough research or mixed results from few studies

At most, "emotional intelligence" shows slight incremental validity.

True

Early attempts to teach "emotional intelligence" produced no apparent benefits

True

Crystallized intelligence reaches its peak in youth and declines with age.

False - Crystallized intelligence remains steady or increases over most of life span.

If emotional intelligence increases with age it appears to be crystalized intelligence rather than fluid intelligence.

True

The term coping refers to people's attempts to reduce negative emotions during and after a stressful event.

True

According to Vaillant's organizational scheme involving Freud's ego defense mechanisms (coping strategies) the most mature ego defense mechanisms are suppression and sublimation because they are intentional and/or lead to prosocial, constructive behavior.

True

In cognitive focused coping strategies people selectively attend to certain aspects of a situation to change the way they think about the situation, to encourage the experience of some emotions and/or deter others.

True

Response-focused coping strategies alter the effects of emotions once they have already started.

True

In situation selection we decide whether to enter a situation that is likely to elicit a particular emotion.

True

One reason why older adults experience higher levels of well-being is that as they age they are less likely to put up with unpleasant situations, especially for the sake of future benefit. This is an example of the coping mechanism of situation selection

True

Extreme use of situation selection as a coping mechanism (avoidance coping) such as avoiding job interviews because of anxiety or not asking someone out on a date for fear of being turned down, limits people's opportunities and relationships.

True

People who consistently avoid (avoidance coping) anything stressful or unpleasant may fail to keep their lives and health in order.

True

One study found that people who reported more avoidance coping in the first year of assessment experienced a greater number of life stressors over the next four years, which in turn predicted increased depressive symptoms.

True

People with PTSD symptoms are more likely to use avoidance coping, but also that avoidance coping predicted subsequent increases in PTSD symptoms.

True

Patients with heart disease who reported highly avoidant coping styles were more likely to die of heart failure over the next six years.

True

Patients with kidney disease who reported high use of avoidant coping were more likely to die over the next 9 years; results showed that this was caused by failure to attend medical appointments.

True

Several studies have indicated that people who use situation modification or active coping to regulate their emotions tend to have better than average physical health and psychological well-being.

True

Perceived control in a situation (e.g., making life style changes like getting more sleep, eating a healthier diet, exercising more) is important to coping. In one study cancer survivors who believed that they had more control over the course of the illness showed greater improvement in their health behaviors.

True

Improving a situation (like minimizing damage to belongings after a hurricane) by active coping makes people feel in control, thereby facilitating the management of emotions.

True

Perceived control over a situation is important to coping. Subjects in a study involving proof reading when a loud, annoying noise was turned on were found to perform better on the task compared to controls if they believed that they could turn the noise off with a button (even though they didn't actually use the button).

True

Perceived control over a situation is important to coping. Participants in a study in which subjects believed that they had control over a painful hot stimulus (but actually didn't) experienced less pain than subjects who knew they had no control, and measurements in brain areas using fMRI indicated less arousal in several pain sensitive brain areas.

NEED TO LOOK UP

In one study, researchers found that participants who believed they had control (but really didn't) over their pain (by moving a joystick) reported less pain, weaker activation of the amygdala, stronger activity in the nucleus accumbens and increased regulation of these two structures by the prefrontal cortex, a region typically activated during tasks requiring self-regulation.

True

Hospital patients who have control over administration of their own pain medication with a small button (rather than having nurse administer the medication at specified times) report more satisfaction with their pain management.

True

To gain psychological inoculation against a stressor, you can expose yourself to milder versions of the stressor (e.g., soldiers practicing combat skills under realistic but not life-threatening conditions).

True

In studies conducted by Ayduk and colleagues, subjects were asked to vividly remember an experience in which someone else had rejected them. Half the subjects were asked to focus their attention on emotions and physiological sensations during this memory, whereas the other half were encouraged to focus their attention on the features of the room in which the rejection took place. The subjects who were asked to focus on the characteristics of the room in their memories identified hostility-related words in a reaction time task more slowly, reported fewer angry feelings and wrote less about feeling angry and hurt in essays they were asked to write about the experience.

True

In a study on attentional control children played a game based on the Survivor television show. For those children who were rejected in the game, there was a delay before a second task. The children spent the time quietly thinking or engaging in a distraction, such as reading comic books or listening to music. The results showed that the more time they spent on the distraction, the more their mood improved after being rejected from the game, as well as their ability to focus on a second task.

True

One difficulty with attentional control is that it requires cognitive energy and people can run out of ability to control their attention if they are fatigued (from use of cognitive energy) or have been controlling their thoughts too long.

True

If you try to avoid thinking about something, thoughts about it become more intrusive than ever. Studies by Wegner and colleagues found that subjects who were asked to avoid thinking about white bears for 5 minutes, but to ring a bell if they did think about them, rang the bell more times than subjects who were asked to think about white bears.

True

Mindfulness meditation, a practice in which one learns to nonjudgmentally focus on one's current state (e.g., paying attention to one's breathing) can improve the ability to regulate emotions, increase attentional control, enhance people's cognitive control (executive function), and reduce the tendency to ruminate on problems.

True

Mindfulness meditation training can help alleviate anxiety and depression symptoms.

True

Distraction involves trying to replace unpleasant thoughts with some alternative thought or activity.

True

A problem with distraction as a coping technique is that it can reduce the likelihood that you will take some practical approach to the problem to improving your situation.

True

A high dispositional tendency to rely on distraction as an emotion regulation technique can be problematic in that this method often shows a negative correlation with psychological well-being.

True

Cognitive reappraisal is a coping strategy in which the person thinks about an event or stimulus in a way that changes the individual's emotional reaction.

True

When people change the way they think about a larger emotional issue or frequently occurring situation the process is called cognitive restructuring.

True

Much research provides evidence that cognitive restructuring (reappraisal) is not a very effective emotional regulation strategy in comparison to other methods such as distraction.

False - Much research provides evidence that cognitive restructuring (reappraisal) is a very effective emotional regulation strategy in comparison to other methods such as distraction.

Most studies indicate that people who use cognitive reappraisal frequently also report higher well-being, dispositional positive affect, lower negative affect, higher life satisfaction, greater sharing of emotions with others, greater peer-rated likeability, closer relationships, and lower risk of depression.

True

Higher use of cognitive reappraisal predicts lower rates of depression among people who faced uncontrollable stressors but higher rates of depression among those whose stressors had been controllable, objectively speaking.

True

People who habitually use reappraisal when they could be doing something about the situation instead, may trade short-term emotional gain for longer term emotional pain.

True

Participants in a study conducted by Samon and Gross (2012) were shown a series of extremely unpleasant photographs, assigning them to just watch the pictures, to interrupt the pictures in a funny but positive way, good natured way, or to use humor in a mean spirited way. Both forms of humor appeared to reduce people's negative emotions relative to just watching the pictures, although positive humor was significantly more effective.

True

Forgiveness helps not only the forgiven, but also the forgiver because the forgiver has effectively used cognitive reappraisal to cope with a negative emotion.

True

Benefit finding is another name for positive reappraisal, where an individual's focus is on positive aspects of a negative or challenging situation.

True

Shiota and Levenson (2012) asked subjects to watch television clips showing people eating disgusting things, such as cow intestines, horse rectum, as well as movie scenes in which the main character learns that a family member dies. Participants watched each type of film without instructions to regulate their emotions and then a second film of each type but instructed to regulate their emotions. Subjects who were instructed to use detached reappraisal showed an overall reduction in negative emotions, though the valence of the emotion did not change, whereas those who used positive reappraisal to regulate their emotions showed no change in subjective emotional intensity but an improvement in valence---they felt more positive.

True

Detached reappraisal, compared to positive reappraisal, keeps people more emotionally engaged with the situation but in a way that is less aversive.

False - Positive reappraisal, compared to detached reappraisal, keeps people more emotionally engaged with the situation but in a way that is less aversive.

People who are high in resilience, those who recover relatively easily from negative events, report thinking about the potential positive effects of negative events more often than less resilient individuals.

True

Several studies indicate that people who rely on positive reappraisal are less likely than others to report symptoms of depression.

True

Like active coping, positive reappraisal encourages behaviors that improve your life.

True

A meta-analysis of studies examining the coping strategies of AIDS patients found that those who used positive reappraisal more often reported better health behaviors and showed better health outcomes, though these findings were not replicated when the participants were not limited to AIDS patients.

True

When no amount of reappraisal can improve a situation significantly, response focused coping is required to dampen the negative emotion over time.

True

One problem with coping with drugs, alcohol or food to decrease the magnitude of a negative emotion is that the person is not taking a constructive action that might help improve the situation.

True

Most people who use eating to escape from tension feel worse afterward.

True

Frequent use of emotional eating (eating to cope with negative emotions) is a risk factor in depression.

True

In one study, subjects were asked to either use reappraisal to suppress their emotional expression in a negative emotion task or to respond freely during the task. During a supposed taste test that followed the emotion task subjects who asked to suppress their emotions ate more snack food such as cookies and potato chips than people in the other condition.

True

Freud used the term suppression to refer to blocking a thought from consciousness, whereas in emotion research suppression is used to refer to blocking the behavioral expression of an emotion

True

Research has failed to support the proposal that venting your feelings (catharsis) will make you feel better.

True

Vigorously expressing sadness or anger does not reliably reduce the emotion, and often increases it.

True

People who deal with their negative emotions by venting them tend to have more anxiety than average in their interpersonal relationships.

True

In a study of catharsis, people who were encouraged to cry during sad movies ended up feeling worse, not better, than people who tried to restrain their tears.

True

Distressed couples who vent their anger against each other are taking a major step toward divorce, not reconciliation.

True

Rumination is thinking about a problem for a long time, focusing on the positive aspects of the situation and a possible solution to the problem.

False - Rumination is thinking about a problem for a long time, focusing on the negative aspects of the situation and a possible solution to the problem.

Suppressing all thoughts or discussions about negative experiences is cognitively demanding and soon the suppression effort takes so much energy that you can't pay attention to anything else.

True

People who try not to think about recent unpleasant events perform more poorly on than others on tests of working memory suggesting that efforts to block out unwanted thoughts uses resources that would have otherwise been available for other purposes.

True

In a study by Pennebaker and colleagues, college students were asked to write about their deepest thoughts and feelings concerning intensely upsetting experiences or writing about an unemotional topic (control group). Follow-up assessments later in the semester revealed that, on average, students in the treatment group had been ill less often, drank less alcohol, and got better grades than those in the control group.

True

Pennebaker and colleagues found that college students who benefitted the most from writing about negative emotional experiences were those who used the writing experience to better understand the stressful event and their reactions to it.

True

Studies in which people who were going through a divorce or separation were asked to write about how the break-up affected them emotionally were found to show greater improvement from writing about it than a control group that was asked to write about unemotional matters.

False - Control group showed greater improvement in mood and concentration.

Cross-cultural studies reveal that crying is most likely to improve feelings when it evokes social support from others, specifically in the form of comforting words, touch, or other friendly behaviors.

True

Studies have shown repeatedly that physical exercise is a reliable way to prevent depression and exercise interventions and consistently been shown to help alleviate depressive symptoms

True

Over the long term exercise helps prevent anxiety.

True

Exercise is thought to have beneficial effects if the stress is out of your control, but if you do have control than distracting yourself by exercise may interfere with improving your situation in the long run.

True

In addition to improving physical health exercise leads to less tension and sympathetic arousal to stressful events.

True

Once the body has engaged in physical activity after stress, it tends to relax and can even reduce adrenal stress responses.

True

Exercise leads to the secretion of endorphins in the brain, which improves mood.

True

A meta-analysis of meditation-based interventions indicates that meditation training can improve depression, anxiety, and pain.

True (with caveat) - A meta-analysis of meditation-based interventions indicates that meditation training can improve depression, anxiety, and pain but not more than active treatment controls such as exercise and stress reduction courses.

Cognitive-focused coping strategies require considerable effortful control over thoughts and attention, often referred to as executive control.

True

Investigators, in a study in which men watched a series of short pornographic films while undergoing an fMRI scan, observed that men who were asked to inhibit their arousal to the film clips showed decreased activity in the amygdala and hypothalamus, but increased activity in the prefrontal cortex, an area identified with cognitive control.

True

The finding that the prefrontal cortex is highly active during reappraisal has been replicated in many studies.

True

Both reappraisal and suppression result in increased prefrontal cortex activation, though reappraisal is elicited much faster (within seconds of the beginning of film clips) than suppression (which is activated several seconds later).

True

Suppression takes place a lot later in the emotion process than reappraisal.

True? It takes place later but only by seconds.

One meta-analysis revealed that happily married people are more likely to survive chemotherapy than others

True

Happily married people and those with close friendships report less stress, show stronger immune responses, and stay healthier than average.

True

A number of studies indicate that close interpersonal ties to others reduces stress.

True

Researchers have consistently found that suppressing facial displays fails to reduce the experience of negative emotion and can increase physiological signs of stress.

True

In one series of studies women watched an upsetting film about the nuclear bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II. Then they were asked to discuss the film either naturally or while suppressing their emotions. Those suppressing their emotional displays showed greater increases in blood pressure relative to controls, though Asians who suppressed their emotional expression showed fewer of these effects than European Americans, perhaps because Asian cultures encourage suppression more and people raised in these cultures have more experience with suppression.

True

In studies of participants viewing negative film clips, watching unpleasant slides and discussing conflicts with a romantic partner, those instructed to suppress their emotions displays showed worse memory for verbal information than those instructed to reappraise or those given no regulation instructions.

True

Studies indicate that suppression has a negative impact on social relationships compared with reappraisal.

True

Individuals who report frequent use of suppression, often rely less on others for social support and are not as well liked.

True

Suppressing your emotion requires cognitive effort and the cognitive effort leaves less room (less energy) for other tasks.

True

People who use reappraisal strategies rather than suppression are better liked by their peers

True

One study showed that among individuals who were making the transition from high school to college, those who reported using more frequent emotional suppression had a harder time forming new relationships in the new environment.

True

People who habitually hide their emotions from others are difficult to get close to—they avoid conflict, but they also avoid intimacy in the process.

True

A major depressive episode includes either a depressed mood or a loss of interest and pleasure for at least 2 weeks.

True

Bereavement is no longer an exclusionary criterion for depression in the DSM-5.

True

Anxious depression includes much anxiety as well as depression.

True

Melancholic depression tends to be severe, marked by lack of pleasure in anything.

True

Psychotic depression includes thought disorder similar to that observed in schizophrenia.

True

Atypical depression is marked by increased appetite and increased sleep, in contrast to most cases of depression in which people lose appetite and suffer insomnia.

True

Atypical depression is unusual in that the person experiences brief periods of enjoyment in response to positive events.

True

For a number of reasons researchers have lost interest in the norepinephrine versus serotonin distinction and from neurotransmitter-focused explanations of depression altogether, with a shift in focus to altered neural circuits in the brain involved in depression.

True

Many, although not all, studies indicate that depression is associated with decreased neurons in the hippocampus and therefore with impaired learning.

True

When antidepressant drugs, psychotherapy or other treatments relieve depression, it increases the plasticity in the hippocampus.

True

Persistent depressive disorder, also known as dysthymia, differs from other types of depression in that the emphasis is on sad mood rather than lack of pleasure (feeling "down in the dumps" almost all of the time) and it lasts a longer period of time (sometimes years).

True

Many cases of depression with onset late in life relate to impairments of blood flow, which is different from the causes of depression in younger patients.

True

Researchers have not found any particular gene with a significant effect on depression.

True

Whatever groups of genes facilitating depression may be, they appear to have multiple effects beyond depression in that major depression runs in the same families as alcohol, or drug dependence, antisocial personality disorder, bulimia, panic disorder, migraine headaches, attention deficit disorder, binge eating, and a variety of other problems.

True

Extensive research has found that children subjected to emotional abuse, neglect, or sexual abuse, have an increased risk of depression in later life.

True

Studies of identical twins in which one twin reported experiencing sexual abuse found that both twins were at a higher risk for depression but the one who had experienced sexual abuse had a higher rate of depression that the twin who was not.

True

If people have habitual, dysfunctional appraisal tendencies, then depression is more likely.

True

According to the revised version of the learned helpless model of depression, a total lack of success in some situations may or may not lead to depression, depending on how one interprets the outcome---what his or her attributions are.

True

People who are at low risk for depression, make stable, internal, and global attributions when they fail.

True

Blaming a failure on lack of effort is an example of an optimistic explanatory style.

True

Depression is associated with a pessimistic explanatory style.

True

Blaming failure on lack of ability is an example of a pessimistic explanatory style in that the attributions is global, stable, and internal.

True

"Failing at something means I am a less worthy person." is an example of a dysfunctional attitude and is associated with depression.

True

Although people who are depressed are sad, the most prominent feature of depression is lack of pleasure.

True

Psychologists disagree as to whether depression should be described in terms of lack of pleasure or lack of motivation (to seek pleasurable activities).

True

People with depression (compared to non-depressed people) report a normal number of sad events during the day but differed from others in reporting significantly fewer happy events.

True

In a study in which people watched short films intended to evoke sad, happy or neutral mood, people with depression reported little enjoyment of the happy film, apparently feeling bad no matter what they watched.

True

In a study in which depressed and nondepressed women viewed a series of pictures and reported emotional responses while researchers viewed their facial expressions, researchers found that both types of women reacted about equally to the sad pictures but depressed women showed significantly less response to the pleasant pictures.

True

Participants in a study in which they were asked to rate how well 12 pleasant words and 12 unpleasant words applied to themselves, depressed women recalled about the same number of unpleasant words but fewer pleasant words than nondepressed women.

True

Henrique and Davidson (2000) found that depressed participants in their study were less responsive to potential rewards in that they were less likely to change their strategy in a task in order to receive more rewards.

True

Depressed people show decreased level of the metabolic breakdown products of dopamine, thereby indicated lower levels of dopamine.

True

Drugs that stimulate dopamine receptors are far more effective than other medications for depression.

False - Drugs that stimulate dopamine receptors are far not effective for depression.

Effective antidepressant drugs exert their effects primarily at synapses other than ones in which dopamine is secreted.

True

Within a few months of the start of treatment, about half of depressed patients show improvement with either antidepressants or psychotherapy, compared to about one-third of patients who show improvement with taking a placebo.

True

The therapist using cognitive therapy seeks to alter people's explanatory styles and dysfunctional attitudes by challenging the depressed individual's biases in interpretation of events, and explore alternate attributions for negative events and draw the most reasonable conclusion instead of presuming the worse.

True

Learning to reappraise negative events can be helpful and alleviate depression. In one study college student participants in workshops on how to combat negative thoughts about themselves reported significantly fewer episodes of anxiety and depression over the next few years.

True

Many psychologists believe that cognitive therapy is effective because it encourages behavioral activity rather than changing the depressed person's interpretation of events.

True

People who exercise are less likely to become depressed and people who become depressed are less likely to exercise.

True

Eating at least a pound of seafood per week is correlated with decreased probability of depression, probably because of the omega-3 fatty acids in most seafood.

True

A mild episode of mania can be enjoyable but can morph into irritability.

True

In depression people seem relatively insensitive to reward, whereas the opposite is true for mania.

True

Gruber and colleagues (2008) showed positive, negative, and neutral film clips to individuals who showed a range of hypomanic symptoms and found that those with a stronger predisposition to mania reported higher levels of positive emotion, as well as irritability, in response to all of the films than did individuals low on hypomanic tendencies.

True

High dispositional tendencies toward enthusiasm and pride, both of which involve high appetitive motivation and behavioral activation, are risk factors in mania.

True

The depression experienced in bipolar disorder is more likely to resemble the depression we label as atypical depression---that is depression marked by low enjoyment, lethargy and excessive sleep.

True

People with bipolar disorder, unlike those with major depression, generally respond best to either lithium salts or certain antiseizure medications.

True

In Generalized Anxiety Disorder or any other anxiety disorder, the problem is not that the anxiety is too great but it arises too frequently and too easy

True

What distinguishes panic disorder from panic attacks is that people with panic disorder experience frequent nervous anticipation of having another panic attack.

True

The worry of having another panic attack often leads the individual with panic disorder to develop agoraphobia, an excessive avoidance of public situations where a panic attack would be embarrassing.

True

Panic disorder is more common among men than women and is more prevalent among older adults than young adults and adolescents.

False - Panic disorder is more common among women than men and is more prevalent among young adults and adolescents than older adults.

Like panic disorder, specific (simple) phobias are more common among young people than older people and more common among women than among men.

True

An identical twin of someone with a phobia, has an elevated risk of having a phobia, regardless of whether the first twin can or cannot identify a frightening experience that started the phobia.

True

There is no evidence that a bad experience increases the risk of a phobia beyond whatever risk genetic factors had already established; having a painful experience is neither a necessary or sufficient condition for establishing a phobia.

True

The severity of a trauma and the intensity of someone's initial reaction to the trauma are not good predictors of who will or who will not develop PTSD.

True

People who had abusive or neglectful experiences in childhood, or who developed emotional difficulties for other reasons are more likely than others to develop PTSD.

True

Victims of PTSD have fewer recollections of feeling in control over the events in their lives prior to development of symptoms.

True

Some people are more predisposed than others to develop anxiety disorders and are particularly vulnerable when bad things happen making them more likely to develop PTSD and other disorders involving excessive anxiety.

True

People with anxiety disorders are likely to have relatives who have anxiety disorders and the overlap is stronger for identical twins than fraternal twins but the genetic influence does not appear to be specific to any given condition or disorder; for example, someone with panic disorder may have relatives with phobia, GAD or major depression.

True

Epigenetics refers to differences in the expression of genes elicited by environmental conditions, rather than actual genes inherited from parents.

True

Certain chemicals such as acetyl groups and methyl groups can attach to genes and increase or decrease their effects without altering the DNA sequence.

True

People with PTSD have a smaller than average hippocampus, a structure involved in episodic memory, and twin studies reveal that the smaller than average hippocampus is present in an identical twin (without PTSD) of an individual who developed PTSD, thus providing evidence that the smaller hippocampus was a predisposing factor rather than a result of the traumatic experience.

True

People with the short form of the serotonin transporter gene show increased responses to threat and increased attention to threatening stimuli, especially in social situations.

True

People with the short form of the serotonin transporter gene show greater amygdala responses to photographs showing angry or fearful facial expressions, and they learn fears more quickly than average if a cue predicts shocks or other danger.

True

People with the short form of the serotonin transporter gene are more likely to develop anxiety disorders and have difficulty with social interactions.

True

The short form of the serotonin transporter gene is not linked specifically to anxiety as evidenced by the fact that people with the short form also show bigger smiles and more laughter to amusement, suggesting that the short form is heightens emotional arousal of any type (positive or negative.

True

Sexually abused children or neglected children are more likely to develop fear-related disorders.

True

If your parents display a great deal of anxiety, you probably will too, suggesting a strong influence of the environment on the person's anxiety.

True

Exposure therapy, also known as systematic desensitization, decreases the magnitude of negative affect by repeatedly presenting the negative stimulus or situation in increased dosages until the negative affect decreases.

True

Anxiolitics like Valium relieve anxiety by facilitating the effectiveness of the neurotransmitter GABA, which is an inhibitory transmitter throughout the nervous system.

True

Anxiolytics suppress activity in the amygdala, thereby decreasing a person's response to threatening or otherwise emotional stimuli.

True

People taking anxiolytics have trouble identifying other people's facial expressions of fear and anger.

True

Because of various side effects, long term treatment of anxiety disorders with anxiolytics is ill-advised and antidepressant medications are used more commonly by health care professionals.

True

Most people with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are highly prone to feeling disgust, especially with regard to feeling contaminated, which often leads to excessive washing.

True

An fMRI study showed more intense brain responses to reminders of shame or guilt in people with OCD.

True

Many people with OCD believe that thinking about a shameful act is as bad as doing it, which leads to compulsive rituals to maintain self-control.

True

Washing relates to guilt feelings in religious traditions throughout the world; for example, "washing away sins or guilt."

True

People with antisocial personality disorder lack empathic accuracy but not emotional empathy.

True

The amygdala and prefrontal cortex of people with antisocial personality disorder show little response to seeing people suffer.

True

People with antisocial personality disorder can hurt people without feeling bad about it.

True

People with autism show deficits in recognizing others' emotional expressions.

True

People with schizophrenia often show flat affect in terms of emotional expression but report normal levels of subjective emotional experience.

True

Insel et al. (2010) suggest abandoning the ideas of categories in psychopathology and instead describe psychopathology on continuous dimensions such as degrees of sadness, reward insensitivity, anxiety, sleep disturbances, inability to concentrate and disordered thinking.

True

One hypothesis that has received considerable attention is the idea that disordered emotion stems from inadequate or improper emotion regulation.

True

One study indicates that people with depression show a bias to be oversensitive to unpleasant events and/or undersensitive to positive events, thereby leading to problems with emotion regulation.

True

One study provides evidence that people with poor emotion regulation skills are more likely than others to develop symptoms of depression within the next few years.

True

People with depression are less likely to appraise a situation in positive way, and are more likely to blame themselves, catastrophize, or ruminate, all of which reflect poor emotion regulation because the negative emotional responses evoked are more likely to be sustained rather than appropriately regulated.

True

Depressed people often use emotion regulation strategies to remain sad.

True

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