What do nursing interventions to promote health during middle childhood include quizlet?

2)Sports activities should include both practice sessions and unstructured play.

4)Common sports for school-aged children include baseball, soccer, and swimming.

5) All participants should be recognized in special ceremonies, not just the winners.

Rational: Teachers should include only age-appropriate sports activities in schools, which a school nurse can help in determining. It is appropriate to have activities that include practice sessions and unstructured play. Common sports for school-aged children include baseball, soccer, and swimming. It is important to recognize all the participants in special ceremonies and not just the ones who excel. In the preadolescence stage, there is no difference between strengths of boys and girls; therefore girls can compete with boys at this age. It should be emphasized to the school management that actual sporting events should aim to stress the point of mastering a sport or enhancing self-image rather than winning

What statement accurately describes physical development during the school-age years?

Boys and girls double strength and physical capabilities

Boys and girls double both strength and physical capabilities. Their consistent refinement in coordination increases their poise and skill. In middle childhood, growth in height and weight occurs at a slower pace. Between the ages of 6 and 12 years, children grow 5 cm/yr and gain 3 kg/yr. Their weight will almost double. Although the strength increases, muscles are still functionally immature when compared with those of adolescents. This age group is more easily injured by overuse. Children take on a slimmer look with longer legs in middle childhood.

The parents of 9-year-old twin children tell the nurse, "They have filled up their bedroom with collections of rocks, shells, stamps, and bird nests." The nurse should recognize that this is which?

Characteristic of cognitive development at this age

Classification skills involve the ability to group objects according to the attributes they have in common. School-age children can place things in a sensible and logical order, group and sort, and hold a concept in their mind while they make decisions based on that concept. Individuals who are not twins engage in classification at this age. Psychosocial behavior at this age is described according to Erikson's stage of industry versus inferiority.

What statement characterizes moral development in the older school-age child?

The child is able to judge an act by the intentions that prompted it rather than just by the consequences.

Older school-age children are able to judge an act by the intentions that prompted the behavior rather than just by the consequences. Rule violation is likely to be viewed in relation to the total context in which it appears. Rules and judgments become less absolute and authoritarian. The situation and the morality of the rule itself influence reactions.

An 8-year-old girl tells the nurse that she has cancer because God is punishing her for "being bad." What should the nurse interpret this as?

A common belief at this age

Children at this age may view illness or injury as a punishment for a real or imagined misbehavior. School-age children expect to be punished and tend to choose a punishment that they think "fits the crime." This is a common belief and not related to excessive family pressure. Many faiths do not include a God that causes cancer in response for "bad" behavior. This statement reflects the child's belief in what is right and wrong.

What is the role of the peer group in the life of school-age children?

Provides them with security as they gain independence from their parents

Peer group identification is an important factor in gaining independence from parents. Through peer relationships, children learn ways to deal with dominance and hostility. They also learn how to relate to people in positions of leadership and authority and how to explore ideas and the physical environment. A child's concept of appropriate sex roles is influenced by relationships with peers.

What is descriptive of the social development of school-age children?

Children frequently have "best friends"

Identification with peers is a strong influence in children's gaining independence from parents. Interaction among peers leads to the formation of close friendships with same-sex peers—"best friends." Daily relationships with age mates in the school setting provide important social interactions for school-age children. During the later school years, groups are composed predominantly of children of the same sex. Conforming to the rules of the peer group provides children with a sense of security and relieves them of the responsibility of making decisions.

What statement best describes the relationship school-age children have with their families?

Need and want restrictions placed on their behavior by the family

School-age children need and want restrictions placed on their behavior, and they are not prepared to cope with all the problems of their expanding environment. Although increased independence is the goal of middle childhood, they feel more secure knowing that an authority figure can implement controls and restriction. In the middle school years, children prefer peer group activities to family activities and want to spend more time in the company of peers. Family values usually take precedence over peer value systems.

A parent asks about whether a 7-year-old child is able to care for a dog. Based on the child's age, what does the nurse suggest?

A dog can help the child develop confidence and emotional health.

Pets have been observed to influence a child's self-esteem. They can have a positive effect on physical and emotional health and can teach children the importance of nurturing and nonverbal communication. Most 7-year-old children are capable of caring for a pet with supervision. Caring for a pet should be a positive experience. It should not be used to identify weaknesses. The pet chosen does not matter as much as the child's being responsible for a pet.

The school nurse has been asked to begin teaching sex education in the fifth grade. What should the nurse recognize?

Sexuality is presented as a normal part of growth and development.

When sexual information is presented to school-age children, sex should be treated as a normal part of growth and development. They should be encouraged to ask questions. At 10 to 11 years old, fifth graders are not too young to speak about physiologic changes in their bodies. Preadolescents need precise and concrete information

What is descriptive of the play of school-age children?

Knowing the rules of a game gives an important sense of belonging.

Play involves increased physical skill, intellectual ability, and fantasy. Children form groups and cliques and develop a sense of belonging to a team or club. At this age, children begin to see the need for rules. Conformity and ritual permeate their play. Their games have fixed and unvarying rules, which may be bizarre and extraordinarily rigid. With team play, children learn about competition and the importance of winning, an attribute highly valued in the United States but not in all cultures.

The school nurse is providing guidance to families of children who are entering elementary school. What is essential information to include?

Encourage growth of a sense of responsibility in children

By being responsible for school work, children learn to keep promises, meet deadlines, and succeed in their jobs as adults. Parents should meet with the teachers at the beginning of the school year, for scheduled conferences, and whenever information about the child or parental concerns needs to be shared. Tutoring should be provided only in special circumstances in elementary school, such as in response to prolonged absence. The parent should not dictate the study time but should establish guidelines to ensure that homework is done.

What is characteristic of dishonest behavior in children ages 8 to 10 years?

Lying is used to meet expectations set by others that they have been unable to attain.

Older school-age children may lie to meet expectations set by others to which they have been unable to measure up. Cheating usually becomes less frequent as the child matures. Young children may lack a sense of property rights; older children may steal to supplement an inadequate allowance, or it may be an indication of serious problems. In this age group, children are able to distinguish between fact and fantasy.

A 9-year-old girl often comes to the school nurse complaining of stomach pains. Her teacher says she is completing her school work satisfactorily but lately has been somewhat aggressive and stubborn in the classroom. The school nurse should recognize this as which?

Signs of stress

Signs of stress include stomach pains or headache, sleep problems, bedwetting, changes in eating habits, aggressive or stubborn behavior, reluctance to participate, or regression to earlier behaviors. The child is completing school work satisfactorily; any developmental delay would have been diagnosed earlier. The teacher reports that this is a departure from the child's normal behavior. Adjustment issues would most likely be evident soon after a change. Medical intervention is not immediately required. Recognizing that this constellation of symptoms can indicate stress, the nurse should help the child identify sources of stress and how to use stress reduction techniques. The parents are involved in the evaluation process.

What statement best describes fear in school-age children?

Most of the new fears that trouble them are related to school and family.

During the school-age years, children experience a wide variety of fears, but new fears related predominantly to school and family bother children during this time. Parents and other persons involved with children should discuss children's fear with them individually or as a group activity. Sometimes school-age children hide their fears to avoid being teased. Hiding the fears does not end them and may lead to phobias.

A school-age child has begun to sleepwalk. What does the nurse advise the parents to perform?

Leave the child alone unless he or she is in danger of harming him- or herself or others

Sleepwalking is usually self-limiting and requires no treatment. The child usually moves about restlessly and then returns to bed. Usually the actions are repetitive and clumsy. The child should not be awakened unless in danger. If there is a need to awaken the child, it should be done by calling the child's name to gradually bring to a state of alertness. Some children, who are usually well behaved and tend to repress feelings, may sleepwalk because of strong emotions. These children usually respond to relaxation techniques before bedtime. If a child is overly fatigued, sleepwalking can increase.

The school nurse is discussing after-school sports participation with parents of children age 10 years. The nurse's presentation includes which important consideration?

Sports participation is encouraged if the type of sport is appropriate to the child's abilities.

Virtually every child is suited for some type of sport. The child should be matched to the type of sport appropriate to his or her abilities and physical and emotional makeup. At this age, girls and boys have the same basic structure and similar responses to exercise and training. After puberty, teams should be gender specific because of the increased muscle mass in boys. Organized sports help children learn teamwork and skill acquisition. The emphasis should be on playing and learning. Children do enjoy appropriate levels of competition.

What do nursing interventions to promote health during middle childhood include?

Educate parents about the need for good dental hygiene because these are the years in which permanent teeth erupt.

The permanent teeth erupt during the school-age years. Good dental hygiene and regular attention to dental caries are vital parts of health supervision during this period. Caloric needs are decreased in relation to body size for this age group. Balanced nutrition is essential to promote growth. Questions about sex should be addressed honestly as the child asks questions. The child usually no longer needs a nap, but most require approximately 11 hours of sleep each night at age 5 years and 9 hours at age 12 years.

The school nurse needs to obtain authorization for a child who requires medications while at school. From whom does the nurse obtain the authorization?

The parents

A child who requires medication during the school day requires written authorization from the parent or guardian. Most schools also require that the medication be in the original container appropriately labeled by the pharmacist or physician. Some schools allow children to receive over-the-counter medications with parental permission. The pharmacist may be asked to appropriately label the medication for use at the school, but authorization is not required. The school administration should have a policy in place that facilitates the administration of medications for children who need them. The prescribing practitioner is responsible for ensuring that the medication is appropriate for the child. Because the child is a minor, parental consent is required.

What is an important consideration in preventing injuries during middle childhood?

Achieving social acceptance is a primary objective

School-age children often participate in dangerous activities in an attempt to prove themselves worthy of acceptance. The incidence of injury during middle childhood is significantly higher in boys compared with girls. Motor vehicle collisions are the most common cause of severe injuries in children. Children have increasing muscular coordination. Children who are risk takers may have inadequate self-regulatory behavior.

When teaching injury prevention during the school-age years, what should the nurse include?

Teach basic rules of water safety

Water safety instruction is an important component of injury prevention at this age. The child should be taught to swim, select safe and supervised places to swim, swim with a companion, check sufficient water depth for diving, and use an approved flotation device. Teach stranger safety, not fear of strangers. This includes telling the child not to go with strangers, not to wear personalized clothing in public places, to tell parents if anyone makes child feel uncomfortable, and to say no in uncomfortable situations. Teach the child safe cooking. Caution against engaging in dangerous sports such as jumping on trampolines.

What is an important consideration for the school nurse who is planning a class on bicycle safety?

Head injuries are the major causes of bicycle-related fatalities.

The most important aspect of bicycle safety is to encourage the rider to use a protective helmet. Head injuries are the major cause of bicycle-related fatalities. Although motor vehicle collisions do cause injuries to bicyclists, most injuries result from falls. The child should always wear a properly fitted helmet approved by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. Children should not ride double unless it is a tandem bike (built for two).

The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that children younger than the age of 16 years be prohibited from participating in what?

Snowmobiling

The AAP views the use of snowmobiles and all-terrain vehicles as major health hazards for children. This group opposes the use of these vehicles by children younger than 16 years of age. The AAP recommends that children younger than the age of 10 years not use skateboards without parental supervision. Protective gear is always suggested. Trampoline use has increased along with injuries. Adults should supervise use. Horseback riding injuries are also a source of concern. Parents should determine the instructor's safety record with students.

The nurse is developing a teaching pamphlet for parents of school-age children. What anticipatory guidelines should the nurse include in the pamphlet?

At age 12 years, parents should be certain that the child's sex education is adequate with accurate information.

A 12-year-old child should have been introduced to sex education, and parents should be certain that the information is adequate and accurate and that the child is not embarrassed to talk about sexual feelings or other aspects of sex education. At age 6 years, a child does not need to be reading independently and usually still needs help with reading and enjoys being read to. At 8 years of age, parents should expect their child to show increased involvement with peers and outside activities and should encourage this behavior. A 10-year-old child exhibits increased feelings of admiration of parents, especially fathers, and parent-child activities should be encouraged.

The nurse is teaching a class on nutrition to a group of parents of 10- and 11-year-old children. What statement by one of the parents indicates a correct understanding of the teaching?

"I will serve foods that are low in saturated fat and cholesterol."

School-age children should be eating foods that are low in saturated fat and cholesterol to prevent long-term consequences. The child's diet should include a variety of foods, include moderate amounts of extra salt and sugar, emphasize consumption of lean protein (chicken and pork), and limit red meat.

A male school-age student asks the school nurse, "How much with my height increase in a year?" The nurse should give which response?

"Your height will increase on average 2 inches a year."

Between the ages of 6 and 12 years, children grow an average of 5 cm (2 inches) per year.

What does the nurse understand about caloric needs for school-age children?

The caloric needs for school-age children are lower than they were in the preschool years.

School-age children do not need to be fed as carefully, as promptly, or as frequently as before. Caloric needs are lower than they were in the preschool years and lower than they will be during the coming adolescent growth spurt.

The school nurse is teaching female school-age children about the average age of puberty. What is the average age of puberty for girls?

12 years

The school nurse is teaching male school-age children about the average age of puberty. What is the average age of puberty for boys?

14 years

Boys experience little sexual maturation during preadolescence

A female school-age child asks the school nurse, "How many pounds should I expect to gain in a year?" The nurse should give which response?

"You will gain about 4.4 to 6.6 lb per year."

Between the ages of 6 and 12 years, children will almost double in weight, increasing 2 to 3 kg (4.4 to 6.6 lb) per year.

The nurse is explaining about the developmental sequence in children's capacity to conserve matter to a group of parents. What type of matter is last in the sequence for a child to develop?

Volume

There is a developmental sequence in children's capacity to conserve matter. Children usually grasp conservation of numbers (ages 5 to 6 years) before conservation of substance. Conservation of liquids, mass, and length usually is accomplished at about ages 6 to 7 years, conservation of weight sometime later (ages 9 to 10 years), and conservation of volume or displacement last (ages 9 to 12 years).

The school nurse is presenting sexual information to a group of school-age girls. What approach should the nurse take when presenting the information?

Treat sex as a normal part of growth and development

When nurses present sexual information to children, they should treat sex as a normal part of growth and development. Nurses should answer questions honestly, matter-of-factly, and at the children's level of understanding. School-age children may be more comfortable when boys and girls are segregated for discussions.

The parents of a 5-year-old child ask the nurse, "How many hours of sleep a night does our child need?" The nurse should give which response?

"A 5-year-old child requires 11.5 hours of sleep."

Sleep requirements decrease during school-age years; 5-year-old children generally require 11.5 hours of sleep.

What growth and development milestones are expected between the ages of 8 and 9 years? (Select all that apply.)

Can help with routine household tasks

Likes the reward system for accomplished tasks

Goes about home and community freely, alone or with friends

Children between the age of 8 and 9 years accomplish many growth and development milestones, including helping with routine household tasks, liking the reward system when a task is accomplished well, and going out with friends or alone more independently and freely. Using the telephone for practical reasons, choosing friends more selectively, and finding enjoyment in family with new-found respect for parents are tasks accomplished between the ages of 10 and 12 years.

The nurse is planning strategies to assist a slow-to-warm child to try new experiences. What strategies should the nurse plan? (Select all that apply.)

Attend after-school activities with a friend

Allow the child to adapt to the experience at his or hew own pace

Contract for permission to withdraw after a trial of the experience

The nurse should encourage slow-to-warm children to try new experiences but allow them to adapt to their surroundings at their own speed. Pressure to move quickly into new situations only strengthens their tendency to withdraw. After-school activities can be a cause for reaction, but attending with a friend or contracting for permission to withdraw after a trial of a specified number of times may provide them with sufficient incentive to try.

The nurse is planning strategies to assist difficult or easily distracted children when they participate in activities. What strategies should the nurse plan? (Select all that apply.)

Role-play before the activity

Handle behavior with firmness

Acquaint them with what to expect

Be patient with inappropriate behavior

Difficult or easily distracted children may benefit from "practice" sessions in which they are prepared for a given event by role-playing, visiting the site, reading or listening to stories, or using other methods to acquaint them with what to expect. Nurses need to handle children with difficult temperaments with exceptional patience, firmness, and understanding so they can learn appropriate behavior in their interactions with others.

Characteristics of bullies include what? (Select all that apply.)

Depressed

Poor academic performance

Exposed to domestic violence

Children who are bullies are likely to be male, depressed, have poor academic performance, be exposed to domestic violence, have poor peer relationships, and have poor communication with their parents.

A school-age child has been a victim of bullying. What characteristics does the nurse assess for in this child? (Select all that apply.)

Anxiety

Low self-esteem

Psychosomatic complaints

Victims of bullying are at increased risk for low self-esteem; anxiety; depression; feelings of insecurity and loneliness; poor academic performance; and psychosomatic complaints such as feeling tense, tired, or dizzy.

The school nurse recognizes that children respond to stress by using which tactics? (Select all that apply.)

Delinquency

Daydreaming

Delaying tactics

Children respond to stress by using coping mechanisms that include internalizing symptoms such as withdrawal, delaying tactics, and daydreaming, along with externalizing symptoms such as aggression and delinquency.

The nurse is teaching parents about safety for their "latchkey" children. What should the nurse include in the teaching session? (Select all that apply.)

Teach the child weather-related safety

Emphasize fire safety rules and conduct practice fire drills

Safety for "latchkey" children includes teaching the child first-aid procedures, teaching the child weather-related safety, and emphasizing fire safety rules and conducting practice fire drills. Teach the child not to display keys and to always lock doors. The child should be taught to not open the door to anyone, even delivery people.

The school nurse is teaching bicycle safety to a group of school-age children. What should the nurse include in the session? (Select all that apply.)

Watch for and yield to pedestrians

Ride bicycles with traffic away from parked cars

Keep both hands on the handlebars except she signaling

Bicycle safety includes watching for and yielding to pedestrians, riding bicycles with traffic away from parked cars, and keeping both hands on handlebars except when signaling. It is best to ride single file, not double file, and never to ride double on a bicycle.

Parents are concerned about their child riding an all-terrain vehicle. What should the nurse tell the parents about safe use of all-terrain vehicles? (Select all that apply.)

Restrict riding to familiar terrain

Nighttime riding should not be allowed

Vehicles should include seat belts, roll bars, and automatic headlights

Safe use of all-terrain vehicles includes restricting riding to familiar terrain; not allowing nighttime riding; and assuring the vehicle has seat belts, roll bars, and automatic headlights. Street use should not be allowed, and the vehicle should not carry more than one person.

What are the goals of organized athletics for preadolescent children? (Select all that apply.)

Physical fitness

Basic motor skills

Positive self-image

The goals of organized athletics for preadolescent children include physical fitness, basic motor skills, and a positive self-image. The commitment is to the values of teamwork, fair play, and sportsmanship, not to winning.