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Laws are formal rules which society uses to define how people and organisations are expected to behave. Section 51 of the Australian Constitution gives the Australian Parliament the power to make laws in relation to certain matters. In Parliament, a bill is a proposal for a new law or a change to an existing one. Bills often seek to address an important issue facing the Australian community. Path of a billA bill can only become a law if it is passed by a majority vote in the Senate and the House of Representatives. The bill must be agreed to in identical form by both the Senate and House, and given Royal Assent by the Governor-General. It is then known as an Act of Parliament. An Act specifies the date on which the new law will commence. Often this is the day after it receives Royal Assent. Most bills are introduced into the House of Representatives and then sent to the Senate. Bills may start in the Senate, except for money and taxation bills. Most bills are introduced by government ministers; however, other members of parliament can introduce their own bills, known as private members' or private senators' bills. It may take months or even years for a bill to pass through Parliament. However, an urgent bill can be passed in a matter of hours or days. Well over 100 bills are introduced into Parliament each year and about 90 per cent of government bills are passed into law. Origins of billsBills can start in different ways:
HistoryThe law-making process used in the Australian Parliament comes from the practices of the British Parliament, developed over many centuries. The word ‘bill’ probably comes from the Latin word bulla, meaning ‘seal’. In medieval times, seals were put on documents written by a king or person in authority. During the 16th century in England, the word ‘bill’ came to mean a draft for an Act of Parliament. The practice of the Clerk reading the bill aloud 3 times dates back to the early British Parliament, before printing was invented and many people could read. The Clerk had to read the bill aloud so that members of parliament knew what the bill was about. Today bills still go through 3 ‘readings’ but the Clerk only reads the title of the bill. The usual path of a bill.Parliamentary Education Office (peo.gov.au) DescriptionThis diagram illustrates the usual path of a bill through the Australian Parliament to become Australian law. In the House of Representatives a bill goes through the following stages:
The bill is passed in the House of Representatives and sent to the Senate. Senate referral—the Senate may refer the text of the bill to a Senate committee for inquiry (this can happen while the bill is in the House). In the Senate a bill goes through the following stages:
The bill is given Royal Assent—The Governor-General signs the bill. The bill becomes an Act of Parliament—a law for Australia. Copyright informationThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. You are free to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work. Attribution – you must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non-commercial – you may not use this work for commercial purposes. No derivative works – you may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Waiver – any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. Parts of a bill.Parliamentary Education Office (peo.gov.au) DescriptionThis image shows the different sections of a bill. The top third shows the bill title and year. The middle third shows an excerpt from bill clauses and sub-clauses. The bottom third shows excerpts from bill definitions. Copyright informationThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. You are free to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work. Attribution – you must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non-commercial – you may not use this work for commercial purposes. No derivative works – you may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Waiver – any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. From policy to law.Parliamentary Education Office (peo.gov.au) DescriptionThis diagram illustrates the role of executive government in turning policy into law. 1. The executive government decides policy then drafts and introduces bills to the Parliament. 2. Bills are considered by the Parliament. 3. If passed by the Parliament, the bills are approved by the Governor-General. 4. Bills become Acts of Parliament and therefore laws, which are administered by government departments. Copyright informationThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. You are free to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work. Attribution – you must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non-commercial – you may not use this work for commercial purposes. No derivative works – you may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Waiver – any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission from the copyright holder. What is the process of a bill becoming a law?The Bill Is a Law
If a bill has passed in both the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate and has been approved by the President, or if a presidential veto has been overridden, the bill becomes a law and is enforced by the government.
Why do few bills actually become laws?Less than 10% of all bills introduced in Congress become public laws. Why so few? One reason is that the lawmaking process itself is very long and complicated. There are many steps in the process and a “no” at any of those steps could derail a bill.
What must happen before a bill can be considered by the House or Senate?First, a representative sponsors a bill. The bill is then assigned to a committee for study. If released by the committee, the bill is put on a calendar to be voted on, debated or amended. If the bill passes by simple majority (218 of 435), the bill moves to the Senate.
Where is the bill sent after it has been introduced to Congress?After being introduced, the bill is sent to the Senate Parliamentarian who assigns it to a specific committee or committees for further deliberation.
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Identify the hazards along the path from introduction to law that keep most bills from becoming laws
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