What is developmental psychology? Show the study of continuity and change across the lifespan an estimate of the percentage of variance in a trait that is due to genes.
what is another definition of heritability? the percentage of variance in a trait due to genetics genetic transfer of characteristics from parent to child. compare identical and dizygotic fraternal twins What are Adoption studies? compare adopted child to adoptive parents/siblings and to biological parents/siblings. Piaget suggested that children move through discrete stages of cognitive development: the emergence of the ability to think and understand He was the father of the stages of child development what were Piaget's 4 developmental stages? 1. Sensorimotor (birth - 2 years) 2. Preoperational (2-6 years) 3. Concrete operational (6-10 years) 4. Formal operational What happens in the Sensorimotor developmental stage? infant experiences the world through movement and sense what does the baby develop in the sensorimotor stage? 1. object permanence 2. schemas and assimilation what is object permanence? belief that objects exist even when they are not visible. Developed during the sensorimotor stage of development theories about the way the world works process by which infants apply their schemas in novel situations. What happens in the preoperational stage of development? (2-6 years) Children develop a preliminary understanding of the physical world. Doesn't understand conservation of physical properties. i.e. when milk poured into a taller thinner container they think it contains more. what does the child develop in the preoperational stage?in terms of thinking. begins to develop a theory of mind. starts the stage thinking egocentrically and ends with an understanding of other minds the failure to understand that the world appears different to different people what is a theory of mind? the understanding that other people's mental representations guide their behavior. What happens in the concrete operational stage of development? child can think logically about physical objects and events. what does the child develop during the concrete operational stage of development? Develops an understanding of conservation and physical properties the notion that basic properties of an object do not change despite changes in the object's appearance. what happens in the formal operational stage of development? Child can think logically about abstract propositions and hypotheticals what are the two main criticisms of Piaget? 1. Development is more continuous than Piaget proposed 2. Children are more competent than Piaget believed they can grasp simple physics what are human infants predisposed to form? Human infants are predisposed to form an attachment: an emotional bond with a primary caregiver Harlow showed that attachment goes beyond providing food and is based on physical comforting. used Rehesus monkeys for experimenting. Gave them surrogate mothers, one that provided food and one that provided comfort. the monkeys spent more time with the monkeys that provided comfort. What are the four attachment styles? 1. Secure Attachment 2. Avoidant attachment 3. Ambivalent Attachment 4. Disorganized Attachment What is secure attachment? when the caregiver leaves, secure infants may/may not be distressed. When she returns, the distressed infants go to her and are calmed by her presence. What are the outcomes of secure attachment? Greater psychological well-being Higher academic achievement Better social relationships What is Avoidant attachment? when the caregiver leaves, avoidant infants are not distressed, but when she returns, they don't acknowledge her. What is Ambivalent attachment? when the caregiver leaves, ambivalent infants are distressed, when she returns, they rebuff her, refusing any attempt at calming. What is disorganized attachment? when the caregiver leaves and returns, disorganized infants show no consistent pattern of response. characteristic pattern of emotional reactivity. Children's attachment styles are determined in part by their temperament Can culture play a role in attachment styles? What are identical twins? develop from a single fertilized egg same genes (100%) dizygotic What are fraternal twins? develop from separate fertilized eggs different genes (50% the same) monozygotic Is there evidence that biology (genes) have an influence on behavior and personality? Yes, there is LOTS of evidence for this. What is Stranger Anxiety? the fear of strangers develops around 8 months of age corresponding with the time when infants form clear mental representations for familiar and unfamiliar faces. When does separation anxiety peak? Do children that are sent to day care show a higher peak of separation anxiety? no, Separation anxiety peaks at 13 months of age, regardless of whether the children are home or sent to day care. What happened in the strange situation experiment? test of infant attachment, brought them into a strange situation and observed attachment style. What were the results of the strange situation experiment? 60% of kids show a secure attachment. 40% show an insecure attachment; avoidant, ambivalent or disorganized. What are the 3 different parenting styles? 1. Authoritarian 2. Permissive 3. Authoritative What is an Authoritarian parenting style characterized by? and what are the outcomes? parents impose rules and expect obedience Outcomes: decreased social skills and self esteem what is a permissive parenting style? Outcomes? parents submit to children's demands Outcomes: increased aggression and immaturity what is an authoritative parenting style? outcomes? parents are demanding but responsive to their children. Outcomes: highest self-esteem, independence, and social skills How are parenting style and child traits related? is there a third variable? Generally parenting style influences the child's traits and the third variable of genes influences both how the parent parents and how the children's traits develop. What does parenting have an influence on? Values attitudes manners habits beliefs ideas, attitudes, values, lifestyle habits, and traditions shared by a group of people and passed on to future generations. What are the two types of culture related to personality? 1. Individualist 2. Collectivist What is an individualist culture? Where in the world is this common? cultures focus on personal identities and freedoms raise children to be self-reliant and independent Typically westernized cultures What is a collectivist culture? Where in the world is this practiced? cultures focus on the interests of the greater community. raise children to be compliant, obedient, and integrated into webs of mutual support typically Asian-African cultures What are the 4 stages of Piaget's cognitive development?Sensorimotor stage (0–2 years old) Preoperational stage (2–7 years old) Concrete operational stage (7–11 years old) Formal operational stage (11 years old through adulthood)
What happens in Piaget's preoperational stage?The preoperational stage (2–7 years) During this stage, children build on object permanence and continue to develop abstract mental processes. This means they can think about things beyond the physical world, such as things that happened in the past.
What stage of Piaget's cognitive development does a person belong to when he can understand specific logical ideas and apply them to concrete problems?The concrete operational stage usually starts when your child hits 7 years old and lasts till they reach 11. Think of it as a transitional stage between the two earlier stages of development (sensorimotor and preoperational stages) and the fourth stage (formal operational stage).
What is Piaget's sensorimotor stage?The sensorimotor stage is the first of the four stages of Piaget's theory of cognitive development. It is marked by a child's knowledge that the outside world exists separately from themselves. Once the child has fully realized this, they will move on to the next stage within Piaget's stages of development.
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During which of Piagets stages of cognitive development do children develop a preliminary understanding of the physical world?
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