A similarity between russia and japan in 1900 was that both russia and japan had

journal article

Social Science History

Vol. 2, No. 4 (Summer, 1978)

, pp. 414-426 (13 pages)

Published By: Cambridge University Press

https://doi.org/10.2307/1171156

https://www.jstor.org/stable/1171156

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Social Science History seeks to advance the study of the past by publishing research that appeals to the journal's interdisciplinary readership of historians, sociologists, economists, political scientists, anthropologists, and geographers. The journal invites articles that blend empirical research with theoretical work, undertake comparisons across time and space, or contribute to the development of quantitative and qualitative methods of analysis. Social Science History is the official journal of the Social Science History Association.

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1) Of the following regions, which defied the common pattern of growing Western domination in the 19th century?

A) Russia and Japan

B) The Ottoman Empire

C) Latin America

D) West Africa

E) Eastern Europe

A) Russia and Japan

2) Which of the following statements concerning the development of Russia and Japan to 1900 is NOT accurate?

A) Neither Russia nor Japan rivaled the industrial might of the West by 1900.

B) Both nations gained sufficient power to wield important political and military influence in the colonial scramble.

C) Russia and Japan did launch significant industrialization by 1914.

D) Both Russia and Japan achieved economic autonomy and a share in the West's core position.

E) Japan outstripped Russia's industrial gains by 1900.

D) Both Russia and Japan achieved economic autonomy and a share in the West's core position.

3) Which of the following represents a significant difference between Russia and Japan?

A) Only Japan had a significant aristocracy prior to industrialization.

B) Only Russia participated in territorial expansion by 1914.

C) Russia engaged in selective borrowing from Western models by 1700.

D) Only Japan underwent significant political revolution prior to 1914.

E) Only Japan experienced Communist uprisings by 1905.

C) Russia engaged in selective borrowing from Western models by 1700.

4) Which of the following reflects a significant similarity between Japan and Russia during the period of industrialization prior to 1914?

A) Both experienced significant political revolutions.

B) Both Japan and Russia had prior experience of imitation, Japan from China and Russia from Byzantium and the West.

C) Both demonstrated remarkable political flexibility resulting in sweeping transformations of political structure.

D) Both engaged in territorial acquisitions in the Ottoman Empire.

E) Both had a large industrial labor force coupled with a small agricultural base.

B) Both Japan and Russia had prior experience of imitation, Japan from China and Russia from Byzantium and the West.

5) Russia's fear about Westernization in the first decades of the 19th century was rooted in

A) concern about British invasion.

B) the French Revolution.

C) dislike of Western dress.

D) worry over loss of Poland.

E) German nationalism.

B) the French Revolution.

6) What nations were linked together in the Holy Alliance that grouped conservative monarchies together in defense of religion and the status quo in 1815?

A) Britain, France, Spain

B) Spain, Russia, Poland

C) Russia, Prussia, Austria

D) Austria, Japan, Russia

E) France, Britain, Italy

C) Russia, Prussia, Austria

7) What was the name of the Russian revolt inspired by Western values in 1825?

A) The Decembrist uprising

B) The November rebellion

C) Pushkin's revolt

D) Pugachev rebellion

E) Potemkin mutiny

A) The Decembrist uprising

8) Which of the following accounts for Russia's lack of significant revolution in 1830 and 1848?

A) Russia lacked a substantial history of autocracy.

B) Absence of a coercive labor system in Russia left scant cause for rebellion.

C) Political repression

D) Like England, Russia's history of participatory government and its national parliament forestalled revolution.

E) Major reforms, satisfying most Russians

C) Political repression

9) Which of the following statements concerning Russian territorial expansion is most accurate?

A) Russia's loss of Poland in the revolt of 1830 stimulated other attempts at territorial expansion.

B) Russia actively opposed nationalist movements in the Balkans in keeping with its conservative tradition.

C) Western powers actively aided Russia's pursuit of territories in the Ottoman Empire.

D) No massive acquisitions marked the early 19th century, but Russia continued to be an aggressive competitor for territorial expansion.

E) Russia expanded rapidly south of Alaska to Oregon and east to Utah.

D) No massive acquisitions marked the early 19th century, but Russia continued to be an aggressive competitor for territorial expansion.

10) Which of the following statements best describes the Russian economy at the beginning of the 19th century?

A) Russia had achieved economic autonomy in the 18th century, although most of eastern Europe remained largely agricultural.

B) The Russian economy was geographically oriented to the Ottoman Empire, a feature of the Mongol domination of Russia until the 15th century.

C) Russia's economic dynamism and innovation rivaled that of the West.

D) In return for low-cost grain exports, Russia and other east European areas imported Western luxury goods for aristocrats to display as badges of respectability.

E) Russian heavy industry accounted for nearly all its economic growth.

D) In return for low-cost grain exports, Russia and other east European areas imported Western luxury goods for aristocrats to display as badges of respectability.

11) What war in the mid-19th century demonstrated Russia's widening gap with the West?

A) Russo-Japanese War

B) Napoleon's invasion of Russia

C) Crimean War

D) Sepoy rebellion

E) Russo-Turkish War

C) Crimean War

12) What accounted for the West's victory over Russia in the Crimean War?

A) The war was fought far from Russia, necessitating lengthy lines of communication and supply.

B) Russia was forced to fight an offensive war against entrenched positions.

C) The war was fought almost entirely at sea where the Russians were unable to bring numerical superiority to bear.

D) The Western nations won because of industrial advantages.

E) Sardinian and Polish assistance to the Russians was ineffective in the long run.

D) The Western nations won because of industrial advantages.

13) What tsar began the process of reform in the 19th century?

A) Alexander I

B) Alexander II

C) Nicholas I

D) Peter the Great

E) Nicholas II

B) Alexander II

14) Which of the following was NOT a consideration in the reform of serfdom?

A) An attempt to sweep away the tightly knit peasant communities on which serfdom depended

B) The development of a vigorous and mobile labor force

C) A desire to meet Western humanitarian standards

D) Periodic peasant uprisings focused on lack of freedom, undue obligations, and lack of land

E) The preservation of aristocratic power

A) An attempt to sweep away the tightly knit peasant communities on which serfdom depended

15) In what year were Russian serfs emancipated?

A) 1831

B) 1854

C) 1861

D) 1868

E) 1914

C) 1861

16) Which of the following statements concerning the emancipation of the serfs in Russia is most accurate?

A) The emancipation of the serfs destroyed the Russian aristocracy.

B) Emancipation of the serfs loosened the grip of the tsarist state.

C) In addition to personal freedom, the serfs were granted parcels of land subject to redemption payments.

D) Following emancipation, peasants were free to move about Russia as they pleased leading to massive movements of agricultural labor.

E) Few serfs were really emancipated due to the conditions imposed on their release.

C) In addition to personal freedom, the serfs were granted parcels of land subject to redemption payments.

17) All of the following were reforms introduced in Russia in the 1860s and 1870s EXCEPT

A) the creation of the Duma, a national parliament.

B) the creation of local political councils, the zemstvoes.

C) the issuance of new law codes that cut back traditional punishments.

D) reorganization of the military.

E) technical legal freedom for the peasants.

A) the creation of the Duma, a national parliament.

18) What was the first step toward industrialization in Russia?

A) The construction of factories

B) The development of the mining sector

C) The creation of an extensive system of railways

D) The end of the grain trade with the West

E) Mechanization of agriculture

C) The creation of an extensive system of railways

19) The Russian minister of finance from 1892 to 1903 responsible for much economic modernization was

A) Piotyr Stolypin.

B) Count Witte.

C) Klemenz von Metternich.

D) Gregor Mendel.

E) General Kuropatkin.

B) Count Witte.

20) Which of the following statements concerning the capitalization of Russian industry is most accurate?

A) Capital for Russian investment was almost entirely derived from liquidation of agricultural estates in Russia.

B) By 1900 approximately half of Russian industry was foreign-owned by British, German, and French industrialists.

C) It was the contact with the Japanese that led to an influx of capital for Russian industrialization.

D) Russian industry was capitalized by a substantial middle class that had built up wealth in the grain trade with the West.

E) United States investors were the largest owners of machinery in Russia by 1900.

B) By 1900 approximately half of Russian industry was foreign-owned by British, German, and French industrialists.

21) By 1900, how successful was the Russian industrialization program?

A) Despite massive programs of forced labor and extensive government subsidies, the Russian program of industrialization failed.

B) Russian industrialization progressed slowly and by 1900 had reached tenth in the world in terms of steel production.

C) By 1900, Russia had surged to fourth rank in the world in steel production and was second to the United States in the newer area of petroleum production.

D) Without access to plentiful raw materials, Russia was dependent on constant territorial acquisitions to fuel its lagging industrial program.

E) Russia was unable to industrialize any of its larger businesses or regions.

C) By 1900, Russia had surged to fourth rank in the world in steel production and was second to the United States in the newer area of petroleum production.

22) Which of the following was present during the Russian program of industrialization?

A) Attitudinal change among workers similar to the West

B) A large middle class

C) Rich natural resources

D) Small, but efficient, factories

E) A highly educated work force

C) Rich natural resources

23) All of the following were part of the rising tide of unrest in Russia during the second half of the 19th century EXCEPT

A) the Orthodox church.

B) ethnic minorities.

C) peasants.

D) the intelligentsia.

E) the industrial workers.

A) the Orthodox church.

24) What was the general goal of the Russian intelligentsia?

A) Political freedom, social reform, and retention of Russian culture

B) Political freedom, retention of the social hierarchy, and increased Westernization

C) Restriction of civil liberties, honor and deference to the emperor, retention of Russian culture

D) Radical Westernization as part of a program of increased industrialization

E) Globally competitive economy

A) Political freedom, social reform, and retention of Russian culture

25) Russian radicals who sought the abolition of all formal government were called

A) Decembrists.

B) Latitudinarians.

C) abolitionists.

D) anarchists.

E) socialists.

D) anarchists.

26) What was the chief political method used by the anarchists to achieve reform?

A) Strikes

B) Terrorism

C) Political rallies

D) Voter registration

E) Non-violent protest

B) Terrorism

27) Which of the following statements about Russian Marxism is most accurate?

A) Marxist insistence on careful revolutionary organization and a focus on the working class were rapidly assimilated by anarchists and peasant groups.

B) Marxist doctrines were not imported from the West, but originated among the Russian intelligentsia.

C) Lenin introduced important innovations in Marxist theory, including the idea that a proletarian revolution could take place without going through a middle-class phase.

D) Lenin was dedicated to the mass electioneering typical of Western socialist parties.

E) Marxist doctrines were most applicable to an agrarian economy, not an industrial society.

C) Lenin introduced important innovations in Marxist theory, including the idea that a proletarian revolution could take place without going through a middle-class phase.

28) Lenin's approach was adopted by the groups of Russian Marxists known as

A) Mensheviks.

B) anarchists.

C) Decembrists.

D) Bolsheviks.

E) Zemstvoes.

D) Bolsheviks.

29) Which of the following did NOT contribute to working-class radicalism in late 19th-century Russia?

A) The absence of legal political outlets

B) Severe conditions of early industrialization

C) Rural unrest and adoption of peasant grievances

D) Absence of unions

E) Workplace reforms

D) Absence of unions

30) Failure in what war led to the Russian Revolution of 1905?

A) Crimean

B) Sino-Japanese

C) Russo-Japanese

D) World War I

E) Russo-Turkish

C) Russo-Japanese

31) What group did the imperial government appeal to in the reforms following the revolution of 1905?

A) Liberals

B) Workers organizations

C) Marxists

D) Anarchists

E) Conservatives

A) Liberals

32) What minister was responsible for enacting reforms for the peasantry following the revolution of 1905?

A) Count Witte

B) Grigori Rasputin

C) Alexi Romanov

D) Piotyr Stolypin

E) Prince Gortchakov

D) Piotyr Stolypin

33) The Duma was

A) the confrontation between radical workers and the tsarist army in 1905.

B) a system of collective farms for peasants introduced following 1905.

C) a national parliament created in the aftermath of the 1905 revolution.

D) the imperial council that took over government after the abdication of the tsar in 1905.

E) the Russian national labor union created after the Revolution of 1905.

C) a national parliament created in the aftermath of the 1905 revolution.

34) Peasants who responded to the reforms of 1905 by engaging in entrepreneurial activity including increasing production and buying up land were called

A) zemstvoes.

B) kulaks.

C) anarchists.

D) Marxists.

E) soviets.

B) kulaks.

35) Which of the following Russian developments was NOT adopted in other east European states?

A) National parliaments

B) Emancipation of serfs

C) Economic autonomy from the West

D) Monarchic forms of government

E) Nationalism

C) Economic autonomy from the West

36) Which of the following was NOT a 19th-century Russian novelist?

A) Turgenev

B) Pavlov

C) Tolstoy

D) Dostoevsky

E) Gogol

B) Pavlov

37) Which of the following statements concerning the Tokugawa Shogunate in the 19th century is most accurate?

A) The Shogunate bureaucracy had been opened to talented commoners, a reform that improved the standing of the government with the masses of the Japanese people.

B) By the 19th century, the Tokugawa were able to dispense with the feudal organization of earlier Japan.

C) Increasingly, the Shogunate depended on its long-standing alliances with Western powers to maintain its dominance.

D) The Shogunate continued to combine a central bureaucracy with semi-feudal alliances with regional daimyos and the samurai.

E) The Shogunate managed its finances carefully, and never carried a deficit.

D) The Shogunate continued to combine a central bureaucracy with semi-feudal alliances with regional daimyos and the samurai.

38) Which of the following statements concerning Tokugawa intellectual and cultural life is most accurate?

A) Japanese literature reached its zenith during the last decades of the Tokugawa Shogunate.

B) Confucianism rapidly lost ground to Buddhism as the major religious and ethical basis for Japanese society.

C) Japan continued to be largely imitative of conservative Chinese intellectual currents rather than developing dynamic ethical and philosophical systems.

D) Literacy in Japan reached levels higher than anywhere else outside the West.

E) The Tokugawa placed little emphasis on learning and intellectual development.

D) Literacy in Japan reached levels higher than anywhere else outside the West.

39) Which of the following groups in Tokugawa Japan advocated interest in Western scientific advance?

A) Dutch Studies group

B) National Studies group

C) Confucian scholars

D) Buddhist scholars

E) Shinto priests

A) Dutch Studies group

40) Who was responsible for the forced opening of Japan in 1853?

A) Captain James Cook

B) Commodore Matthew Perry

C) Admiral Horatio Nelson

D) Captain William Farragut

E) Commodore George Perry

B) Commodore Matthew Perry

41) In what year was a new emperor, Mutsuhito, but commonly called "Meiji" or "Enlightened One," proclaimed, signaling the end of a major political crisis?

A) 1854

B) 1868

C) 1875

D) 1889

E) 1914

B) 1868

42) Which of the following was NOT an advantage of Japan over China in the competition to assume leadership and to establish industrialization in Asia?

A) Japan's leadership was less secular and bureaucratic than that of China.

B) Japan already knew the benefits of imitation, which China had never acknowledged.

C) Japan had allowed a more autonomous merchant tradition.

D) Feudal traditions limited the heavy hand of government controls while stimulating a sense of competitiveness.

E) Western countries were attracted to China first, so Japan had early leeway.

A) Japan's leadership was less secular and bureaucratic than that of China.

43) Which of the following statements concerning Japanese political reforms in the period of the Meiji state is NOT accurate?

A) Meiji leaders established a new conservative nobility, stocked with former nobles and Meiji leaders that operated a British-style House of Peers.

B) Samurai, destroyed by the removal of government stipends, were banned from participation in the Meiji Diet.

C) The constitution issued in 1889 assured major prerogatives for the emperor along with limited powers for the lower house of the Diet.

D) The bureaucracy was reorganized, insulated from political pressures, and opened to talent on the basis of civil service examinations.

E) The Meiji came to power with very little violence due to the influence of the Western powers.

B) Samurai, destroyed by the removal of government stipends, were banned from participation in the Meiji Diet.

44) What was the primary difference between the reformed Japanese government and reformed Russian institutions by 1914?

A) Japan retained an emperor at the head of government.

B) Japan created a national parliament.

C) Japan's government was elected by a broad majority of the population.

D) Japan's government had incorporated business leaders into its governing structure.

E) Russian institutions were more secular than Japan's.

D) Japan's government had incorporated business leaders into its governing structure.

45) One of the major similarities between Japanese and Russian industrialization was the fact that

A) both lacked natural resources.

B) scarce capital and unfamiliarity of new technology compelled state direction.

C) neither was able to complete construction of a railway system.

D) neither had any experience of cultural exchange with the West.

E) a small group of independent entrepreneurs led to movement in each case.

B) scarce capital and unfamiliarity of new technology compelled state direction.

46) Huge industrial combines put together in Japan by the 1890s were called

A) haiku.

B) terakoya.

C) zaibatsus.

D) khitan.

E) zemstvoes.

C) zaibatsus.

47) Which of the following statements concerning Japanese industrialization prior to World War I is correct?

A) Japan's work force was among the highest paid in the world.

B) Abundant natural resources made Japan virtually self-sufficient as an industrialized nation.

C) By 1914, Japan had reached the level of industrialization found in the West.

D) Japan needed exports to pay for machine and resource imports.

E) Japan lagged far behind the West industrially.

D) Japan needed exports to pay for machine and resource imports.

48) Which of the following Western cultural characteristics was NOT adopted by large numbers of Japanese?

A) Hair styles

B) Standards of hygiene

C) Western calendar

D) Christianity

E) Work styles

D) Christianity

49) Which of the following religions gained new adherents in industrialized Japan?

A) Shinto

B) Confucianism

C) Buddhism

D) Christianity

E) Judaism

A) Shinto

50) Which of the following was NOT a sign of significant social stress in industrialized Japan?

A) Disputes between generations over Westernization

B) The increasing freedom and political influence of women

C) Growth of nationalism

D) Growth of urban slums

E) Racial unrest

B) The increasing freedom and political influence of women

What were the major similarities between Russian and Japanese industrialization?

Which of the following is true of both Russia and Japan by 1914?

Why is industrialization in Russia and Japan similar and different?

Which of the following reflects a significant similarity between Japan and Russia during the period of industrialization?