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A proposes a cause and effect relationship between variables in which one causes another

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Cause and Effect

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Cause and effect refers to a relationship between two phenomena in which one phenomenon is the reason behind the other. For example, eating too much fast food without any physical activity leads to weight gain. Here eating without any physical activity is the “cause” and weight gain is the “effect.” Another popular example in the discussion of cause and effect is that of smoking and lung cancer. A question that has surfaced in cancer research in the past several decades is, What is the effect of smoking on an individual's health? Also asked is the question, Does smoking cause lung cancer? Using data from observational studies, researchers have long established the relationship between smoking and the incidence of lung cancer; however, it took compelling evidence ...

A proposes a cause and effect relationship between variables in which one causes another

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TermDescription
Research methods approaches that social scientists use for investigating the answers to questions.
Quantitative methods methods that seek to obtain information about the social world that is already in or can be converted to numeric form.
Qualitative methods methods that attempt to collect information about the social world that cannot be readily converted to numeric form.
Deductive approach a research approach that starts with a theory, forms a hypothesis, makes empirical observations, and then analyzes the data to confirm, reject, or modify the original theory.
Inductive approach a research approach that starts with empirical observations and then works to form a theory.
Correlation or association simultaneous variation in two variables.
Causality the notion that a change in one factor results in a corresponding change in another.
Reverse causality a situation in which the researcher believes that A results in a change in B, but B, in fact, is causing A.
Dependent variable the outcome that the researcher is trying to explain.
Independent variable a measured factor that the researcher believes has a causal impact on the dependent variable.
Hypothesis a proposed relationship between two variables.
Operationalization the process of assigning a precise method for measuring a term being examined for use in a particular study.
Validity the extent to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure.
Reliability likelihood of obtaining consistent results using the same measure.
Generalizability the extent to which we can claim our findings inform us about a group larger than the one we studied.
Placebo a simulated treatment given to a control group in an experimental study to factor out the effect of merely being in an experiment from the effect of the actual treatment under consideration.
Double-blind study an experimental study where neither the subjects nor the researchers know who is in the treatment group and who is in the control (placebo) group.
Reflexivity analyzing and critically considering our own role in, and effect on, our research.
Feminist methodology a set of systems or methods that treat women's experiences as legitimate empirical and theoretical resources, that promote social science for women (think public sociology, but for a specific half of the public), and that take into account the researcher as much as the overt subject matter.
Population an entire group of individual persons, objects, or items from which samples may be drawn.
Sample the subset of the population from which you are actually collecting data.
Case study an intensive investigation of one particular unit of analysis in order to describe it or uncover its mechanisms.
Participant observation a qualitative research method that seeks to uncover the meanings people give their behavior by observing social actions in practice.
Survey an ordered series of questions intended to elicit information from respondents.
Historical methods research that collects data from written reports, newspaper articles, journals, transcripts, television programs, diaries, artwork, and other artifacts that date to a prior time period under study.
Comparative research a methodology by which two or more entities (such as countries), which are similar in many dimensions but differ on one in question, are compared to learn about the dimension that differs between them.
Experimental methods methods that seek to alter the social landscape in a very specific way for a given sample of individuals and then track what results that change yields; often involve comparisons to a control group that did not experience such an intervention.
Content analysis a systematic analysis of the content rather than the structure of a communication, such as a written work, speech, or film.
Public sociology the practice of sociological research, teaching, and service that seeks to engage a wide audience for a normative, productive end.

Which type of hypothesis proposes relationships among variables that occur or exist together in the real world?

Complex hypothesis states the relationships (associative or causal) among three or more variables. Nondirectional hypotheses states that a relationship exists but does not predict the nature of the relationship.

What term describes an effect of one or more variables on another variable?

Correlation is a statistical measure (expressed as a number) that describes the size and direction of a relationship between two or more variables. A correlation between variables, however, does not automatically mean that the change in one variable is the cause of the change in the values of the other variable.

Which type of research focuses on discovering the cause

Experimental research, often called true experimentation, uses the scientific method to establish the cause-effect relationship among a group of variables that make up a study.

What type of hypothesis proposes a relationship between two variables without specifying the nature of that relationship?

Non-directional Hypothesis It is a statement that a relationship exists between two variables, without predicting the exact nature (direction) of the relationship.

proposes effect relationship variables

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