Language: a collection of symbols governed by rules and used to convey messages between individuals. Show Symbols: arbitrary constructions that represent a communicator's thought. Meanings Are in People, Not Words Ogden and Richard Triangle of Meaning  Language is Rule Governed
Govern how words sound when pronounces. Govern the structure of language- the way symbols can be arranged. Deal with the meaning of specific words. Govern how people use language in everyday interaction, which communication theorists have charactorized as a series of speech acts.
Language Reflects Attitude
Linguistic Relativism- language exerts a srtong influence on the perception of the people who speak it. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis- theory that the structure of a language shapes the worldview of its users. a collection of symbols governed by rules and used to convey messages between individuals arbitrary constructions that represent a communicator's thoughts. People react to the name not the thing. ex: not just words, but sign language, spit or saliva? Language is governed by rules phonological, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic rules. govern how words sound when pronounced ex: a farmer can produce produce. govern the structure of language, words, and sentence form. ex; have you the cookies brought? also instant messaging typos deal with meanings of words. Semantic rules help us determine a bike is for riding and a book is for reading. allow all symbols to be understood the same way by everyone tell us what uses and interpretations of a message are appropriate in context Ex: Boss and coworker Language shapes attitudes naming, credibility, status, sexism and racism. first names are a linguistic element that shape attitudes about men and women ex: give a baby connection with namesake, give connection to culture, Degree to which a speaker is perceived to be believable; COMPETENCE, CHARACTER, & CHARISMA are its major dimensions the power of speech has a dramatic effect on how people see you and judge status. Seen as more competent and more self-confident. using he as he or she. it's a common mistake that people make. Language reflects attitudes power, affiliation, convergence, divergence, linguistic intergroup bias language patterns that add to or detract from a speaker's ability to influence others, as well as reflecting how a speaker feels about his or her degree of control over a situation. communicators who want to show affiliation with one another adapt their speech in a variety of ways, including their choice of vocabulary, rate of talking, number and plaement of pauses and level of politeness. Also using different sets of words with your husband or close friends separates the way you talk to a coworker every couple times a week. when two people feel equally positive about one another, their linguistic convergence will be mutual. when communicators needs or want the approval of others they often adapt their speech to suit the other's style, trying to say "the right thing" or speak in a way to help them fit in. people who want to set themselves apart from others adopt the strategy of divergence. EX: me and vicky speaking greek to each other around heather lamp becasue we didn't like her. Linguistic intergroup bias describes affiliation. in-group member we think positively of and out-group members we think negatively of. If an in group gives money to a homeless person he or she is generous.. If an out of group member gives money to a homeless person he or she is viewed as giving money away (negative) these people want our help(positive) those people want our elp (negative) It's good (positive) It's not bad(less positive) dick an jane or jane and dick language open to more than one interpretation. People can misinterpret equivocal language. gain meaning by comparison. do you go to a big school or a small school? language use by a group of people whose members belong to a similar co-culture or other group. Some slang is related to specialized interests and activities. cyclists talk about bonking. Words/phrases that pertain to a particular area. EX: When Alaskans say "I'm going outside" they mean they are leaving the state specialized vocab that function as a kind of short hand for people wth common backgrounds and experience are based on the speakers beliefs conclusions arrived from an interpretation of evidence intending to be vague or to avoid words and phrases used to evade unpleasant realities a deliberately vague statement that can be interpreted in more than one way. ambiguous speech Name the 3 dominant verbal communication styles across culture 1. direct vs. indirect 2. elaborate vs. succinct 3. instrumental vs. affective the notion that the worldview of a culture is shaped and reflected by the language its members speak. What rules govern the meaning of language?Language is rule-governed, as illustrated by the following rules. Phonological rules govern how sounds are combined to form words. Syntactic rules govern the way symbols can be arranged. Semantic rules help us understand the meaning of individual words.
What is a pragmatic rule?In the case of a speech act, pragmatic rules are the social rules that determine how language can be used to perform that act: For example, they tell us how to make a promise, what sorts of statements count as promises, and what it means to make a promise.
What do syntactic rules govern?Syntactic rules govern the order of words in a sentence. In some languages, such as German, syntax or word order is strictly prescribed. English syntax, in contrast, is relatively flexible and open to style. Still, there are definite combinations of words that are correct and incorrect in English.
Is a system of symbols and rules that is used for meaningful communication?Language is a system of symbols and rules that is used for meaningful communication.
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A collection of symbols, governed by rules and used to convey messages between individuals
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