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Terms in this set (81)
SECTION 10.1
Windows Commands
Q: Refer to the exhibit.
Examine the output shown. What is the address that information is sent to if it is determined that the remote address is on a different subnet?
192.168.1.1
The default gateway shown in the exhibit is 192.168.1.1. This is the destination of traffic for a remote subnet. 192.168.1.19 is the local IP of the system. 255.255.255.255 would be used for a broadcast, and 8.8.8.8 is the primary DNS server.
arp
- see what a Layer 2 MAC address corresponds to as a known Layer 3 IP address
- use to statically add a MAC address to IP address
mapping to a PC's ARP MAC address lookup table (ARP cache)
Q: Refer to the exhibit.
What is the output shown?
The ARP cache information
This output shows the ARP cache information viewed by arp -a in Windows. The NetBIOS name cache, routing table, and NAT table all show very different information.
Parameters for the Windows arp Command
switches (for example, -s, -d, and -a) and arguments (for example, inet_addr and if_addr)
Sample Output from the Windows arp -a Command
- output shows what MAC addresses have been learned for the listed IP addresses
- dynamically learned addresses have dynamic listed in the Type column
- statically configured addresses are listed with
static in the Type column
- static ARP entries tend to be more problematic than dynamic entries
Q: Refer to the exhibit.
What command produced the output shown on your Windows workstation?
arp -a
This output is from the use of arp -a.
ipconfig
- command to display IP address configuration
parameters on a Windows PC
- use the command to release and renew a DHCP lease, which is often useful when troubleshooting
Q: What tool would you use to release a DHCP address on a Windows system?
ipconfig
The ipconfig tool is used to release and renew DHCP information. No other tool here can accomplish this.
Q: What command enables you to refresh DHCP lease information?
ipconfig
You can use the ipconfig command to release and refresh IP address information learned from a DHCP server.
Parameters for the Windows ipconfig Command
Sample Output from the Windows ipconfig Command
- PC contains an Ethernet and a wireless network interface card (NIC)
- conclude
that one of the NICs has an IP address of 172.16.202.129, while the other NIC has an IP address of 172.16.202.128
- share a common default gateway of 172.16.202.2
Windows ipconfig /all Command
- additional output from this command, not shown in the output of the ipconfig command
- the MAC address (labeled as the physical address) for each NIC and the DNS server's IP
address
Q: What command enables you to view the DNS settings for the device?
ipconfig /all
The ipconfig /all command enables you to see the most information, including DNS information.
Q: Refer to the exhibit.
What command produced the output shown on your Windows workstation?
ipconfig /all
This output was produced by ipconfig /all. ipconfig without the all keyword does not produce such verbose output.
Sample Output from the Windows ipconfig /release Command
- suspect that IP addressing might be an issue, you can release the PC's current DHCP lease with the ipconfig /release command
Sample Output from the Windows ipconfig /renew Command
nbtstat
- displays NetBIOS information for IP-based networks
- nbt prefix refers to NetBIOS over TCP/IP, which is called NBT or NetBT
- display a listing of NetBIOS device names learned by a Windows PC
Q: Refer to the exhibit.
What command produced the output shown on your Windows workstation?
nbtstat
When troubleshooting, it often helps to know the IP address of a known NetBIOS name. You can view a PC's NetBIOS name cache, which lists this information, with the nbtstat -c command.
Q: Which of the following is a Microsoft Windows® command that can display a listing of NetBIOS device names learned by a PC?
nbtstat
The "nbtstat" command displays NetBIOS information for IP-based networks. The nbt prefix of the "nbtstat" command refers to NetBIOS over TCP/IP, which is called NBT, or NetBT. This command can, for example, display a listing of NetBIOS device names learned by a Microsoft Windows® PC*.
Parameters for the Windows nbtstat Command
Sample Output from the Windows nbtstat -c Command
- helps to know the IP address of a known NetBIOS name
- view a PC's NetBIOS name cache, which
lists this information
Sample Output from the Windows nbtstat -r Command
- verify that a PC is successfully resolving NetBIOS names, either by using a broadcast or from a WINS server
Sample Output from the Windows nbtstat -a Command
- allows you to view the NetBIOS table of a remote PC
- the
Node IpAddress parameter shows the IP address of the PC issuing the nbtstat command
- the MAC Address parameter shows the MAC address of the remote PC
netstat
- to display various information about IP-based connections on a PC
- view information about current sessions
- can also display protocol statistics (troubleshooting purposes)
- might issue the command
and see that your PC has sessions open to an unknown host on the Internet
Q: Which of the following is a Microsoft Windows® command that can display a listing of the source and destination IP address for existing sessions on a PC?
netstat
The "netstat" command can be used to display a variety of information about IP-based connections on a PC. For example, you can view information about current sessions, including source and destination IP addresses and port numbers. You can also display protocol statistics.
Parameters for the Windows netstat Command
Sample Output from the Windows netstat Command
- command issued without any options lists source and destination IP addresses and port numbers for all IP-based sessions
Sample Output from the Windows netstat -b Command
- might notice an open connection using a specific port and be unsure what application opened that connection
- command shows which application opened a specific connection
nslookup
- command to resolve an FQDN to an IP address
- help you to determine
whether a DNS record is correct and to verify that your DNS server is operating
Q: Refer to the exhibit.
What command produced the output shown on your Windows workstation?
nslookup
Q: While more than one of the following Microsoft Windows® commands can be used to resolve a fully-qualified domain name (FQDN) to an IP address, identify the command whose primary purpose is to resolve a FQDN to an IP address (for example, to determine if a Domain Name System (DNS) record is correct).
nslookup
The "nslookup" command can be used to resolve a fully-qualified domain name (FQDN) to an IP address. This can, as a couple of examples, help you determine if a DNS record is correct, and verify your DNS server is operating.
Q: What command enables you to verify DNS information and functionality?
nslookup
The best command for this is nslookup. This tool is used specifically for the verification of DNS settings and results.
Sample Output from the Windows nslookup Noninteractive Command
- you issue the nslookup command followed by an FQDN to display the IP address corresponding to the FQDN
Sample Output from the Windows nslookup Interactive Command
- command is entered, after which you enter command parameters from the > prompt
- notice that entering a question mark (?) displays a help screen that shows command options
- entering quit exits you from interactive mode.
ping
- use it to check IP
connectivity between two network devices
- multiple platforms (for example, routers, switches, and hosts) support
- uses ICMP (Layer 4 protocol)
- PC sends an ICMP echo message to the specified destination host
- host responds with an ICMP echo reply message
- indicate that a destination host is unreachable, that an ICMP echo timed out, or that a Time To Live (TTL) value has expired
Q: Refer to the exhibit.
What command produced the output shown on your Windows workstation?
ping
This output shows the ping command output.
Q: Which tool enables you to test basic connectivity to a remote system?
ping
ping is used to test basic connectivity.
Parameters for the Windows ping Command
Sample Output from the Windows ping Command
- command specifying only the target_name parameter sends four ICMP echo messages to the specified target
- notice that none of the packets were dropped
Windows ping Command Indicating an Unreachable Destination
- if the specified target address is unreachable, output from the ping command indicates that the target cannot be reached
ping with IPv6
- ping can natively work to test connectivity using IPv6 when an IPv6 destination address is part of the ping command
- ping -6 IPv6-destination-address, ping6 IPv6-destination-address, or some variant specific to that operating system may be available for testing IPv6 connectivity
route
- can display a PC's current IP routing table
- use the command to add or delete entries to or from that routing table
Q: Which of the following Microsoft Windows® commands can be used to manipulate a PC's forwarding table?
route
The "route" command can display a PC's current IP routing table. Additionally, the "route" command can be used to add or delete entries to or from that routing table.
Parameters for the Windows route Command
Windows route print Command
- displays the contents of a PC's routing table
- output identifies a listing of the PC's interfaces, along with IPv4 routes and IPv6 routes
- notice that there is a persistent route (a route entry that survives a reboot) to act as
a default gateway for the PC
Sample Output from the Windows route delete Command
- you want to remove one of the route entries for the 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 network
- shows how one of the two entries (specifically, the entry pointing to 192.168.1.11) can be removed from the routing table
- notice from the output that after the route delete 10.0.0.0 mask 255.0.0.0 192.168.1.11 command is issued, the
route no longer appears in the routing table
Sample Output from the Windows route add Command
- route can be added by using this command
- shows and confirms the addition of a route pointing to the 10.2.1.0 255.255.255.0 network, with a next-hop route (gateway) of 192.168.1.1
tracert
- if the ping were unsuccessful, or
if the round-trip response times seem too long, the tracert command might help isolate the issue
- pings every router hop from the source to the destination and reports the round-trip time for each router hop
- in many cases, a router does not respond to a tracert because it has been configured not to respond to ICMP messages
- failed response does not always indicate a router-configuration issue or a bad link between two routers
Sample Output from a Successful Windows tracert Command
- shows a successful trace from a PC to a destination FQDN of pearsonitcertification.com
- output still helps identify any slow links interconnecting routers along the path from the source to the destination
Sample Output from an Unsuccessful Windows tracert Command
- first-hop
router (192.168.1.1) responded; however, the router beyond that did not respond
- might focus your attention to the interconnection between those two routers
tracert with IPv6
- IPv6 path through a network can be verified with tracert for IPv6
- may be done by using tracert destination-IPv6-address, tracert6 destination-IPv6-address, or tracert -6 destination-IPv6-address
PathPing
- Windows tool combines features of Ping and Tracert over a period of time
- used with IPv4 and IPv6
- shows the amount of packet loss at any given router so you can identify the routers that might be causing in the path
SECTION 10.2
UNIX Commands
Man Pages
- benefits of UNIX is its extensive syntax reference in the form of manual pages
Q: Which of the following UNIX commands can be used to invoke a UNIX syntax reference?
man
One of the benefits of UNIX is its extensive syntax reference in the form of "manual pages," commonly referred to as "man pages." These man pages can be invoked with the "man" command, followed by the command for which you wish to view a syntax reference.
Sample Output from a Sample UNIX man Command
- if you want detailed information about the arp command, you can enter man arp to produce the output shown
arp
- used to display MAC address to IP address mappings
Q: Which of the following is a Microsoft Windows® command that displays what Layer 2 MAC address corresponds to a Layer 3 IP address?
arp
The "arp" command can be used to see what a Layer 2 MAC address corresponds to a known Layer 3 IP address. Additionally, the "arp" command can be used to statically add a MAC address to IP address mapping into a PC's ARP table (sometimes called the ARP cache).
Parameters for the UNIX arp Command
Adding and Confirming a Static ARP Entry with the UNIX arp Command
- want to add an entry in your UNIX host's ARP cache for an IP address of 192.168.1.32
- MAC address of that device is 11:22:33:44:55:66
- device is available off of interface en0
- enter the arp command with the -s option to add a
static ARP entry
- example then confirms the entry has been made by issuing the arp -a command
Deleting and Confirming the Deletion of a Static ARP Entry with the UNIX arp Command
- want to delete the entry you just added
- the -d option of the arp command can remove an entry from a host's ARP cache
- output then confirms that the entry was removed
dig and nslookup
- use for FQDN-to-IP address resolution
- entirely a command-line command
- lacks the interactive mode
Q: Which of the following UNIX commands is primarily used to resolve a fully-qualified domain name (FQDN) to an IP address and can operate in an interactive mode (that is, you enter this command, receive a prompt, and can then give additional commands)?
nslookup
The Microsoft Windows® "nslookup" command is used to resolve a given FQDN to its IP address. UNIX has a similar "nslookup" command, which can also be used for FQDN to IP address resolution.
Comparing Output from the UNIX dig and nslookup Commands
- dig command offers more information than the nslookup command
- A in the
QUESTION SECTION output of the dig command identifies the DNS record type
- used by many UNIX administrators as simply an alternate way of resolving FQDNs to IP addresses
host
- offers a variety of options
- FQDN-to-IP address resolution
ifconfig
- displays a UNIX host's interfaces along with configuration
information about those interfaces, including MAC address, maximum transmission unit (MTU), IPv4 address, and IPv6 address information
- also configure interface parameters
Q: Which of the following UNIX commands can be used to configure the IP address of a UNIX host's Ethernet interface?
ifconfig
Issued by itself, the "ifconfig" command displays a UNIX host's interfaces along with configuration information about those interfaces, including: MAC address, maximum transmission unit (MTU), IPv4 address, and IPv6 address information.
Configuring and Verifying the Configuration of an Interface's IP Address with the UNIX ifconfig Command
- configure interface en0 with an IP address of 192.168.1.26 and a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0, you could issue the command ifconfig en0 inet 192.168.1.26 netmask 255.255.255.0
traceroute
- can help isolate which router hop along the path from a source device to a destination device is having issues
- can better determine which network segment might be causing excessive delay because of congestion
traceroute for IPv6
- may be done by using traceroute destination-IPv6-address, traceroute6 destination-IPv6-address, traceroute -6 destination-IPv6-address, or some variant specific to the vendor and product being used
netstat
- display various information about current connections
- information includes source and destination IP addresses and port numbers
- display protocol statistics
Parameters for the Windows netstat Command
Sample Output from the UNIX netstat Command
- command issued by itself produces output that details each current session
Sample Output from the UNIX netstat -r Command
- can also be used to view the IP routing table of a UNIX host
ping
-
most typically used to test network reachability to a specified destination
- sends continuous pings, as opposed to the Windows default of only four pings
Parameters for the UNIX ping Command
Sample Output from the UNIX ping -c Command
- shows output from a ping command limited to sending only five ICMP echo packets
route
- not used to display a host's IP routing table
- used to modify a UNIX host's IP routing table
- to add or delete a route from a UNIX host's routing table
Parameters for the UNIX route Command Used to Add and Delete Routes
Adding a Static Route with the UNIX route Command
- command to add a static route
to a UNIX host s routing table
- a route to 10.1.2.0/24 with a next-hop gateway of 192.168.1.1 is being added
- netstat -r command issued after the route command to confirm the insertion of the 10.1.2.0/24 route into the UNIX host s routing table
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