Rene Descartes and Francis Bacon contributed to scientific development in the 17th century by
articulating theories of the scientific method
The Scientific Revolution overturned the accepted ideas of which of the following?
All of the following were important trends of Enlightenment through except
criticism of government support for intellectuals, scholars, and scientists
Hapsburg Emperor Joseph II abolished serfdom in the Austrian empire in 1781. What was the outcome of this reform?
After Joseph II's death in 1790 serfdom was more or less reinstated
Which of the following best expresses Voltaire's views concerning religion?
Religious unity is fundamental to enlightened monarchies
Just as the reign of Louis XIV of France is often cited as an example of absolutism, the reign of Joseph II of Austria is often cited as an example of
"His enthusiasm for the scientific method, his belief that everything could be reduced to mathematical terms impacted all scientists"
Johannes Kepler improved on Copernicus' theories by
demonstrating that planets have elliptical orbits
Isaac Newton's Principia was the
synthesis of the Scientific Revolution
the actual examination of phenomena
Pierre Bayle is famous for his
skeptical view of absolute certainty
The fundamental goal of the Encyclopedia was to
teach people to think critically
Montesquieu's contribution to political theory was the concept of
In France after the death of Louis XIV, the parlements
challenged royal absolutism
Before the scientific revolution, Europeans accepted Aristotle's view of the universe because
it fit nicely with Christian doctrines
The "enlightened" policies of Frederick II of Prussia included all of the following except
freeing the Prussian serfs
D'Holbach's System of Nature presented
a mechanistic, atheistic philosophy
Following the War of Austrian Succession, Louis XV's finance minister created an outcry among French nobles, clergy, and wealthy town dwellers by
imposing a 5% income tax on all Frenchmen including members of the nobility
The 18th century philosophes believed that society could best achieve progress through
hard work and self-denial
"The salon was a weekly gathering held in the home of one of the dominant ladies of the society, at which dinner was served, cards played..."
Paris during the Enlightenment
Enlightened monarchs of the 18th century supported all of the following EXCEPT
Hobbes and Rousseau would have agreed that
citizens have a right to revolt
The great scientific discoveries of the 16th and 17th centuries led European scholars to believe that
the universe was orderly and operated according to fixed rules
The group that Voltaire would have most likely criticized would be
The individual who first provided mathematical formulas supporting the Coperican theory and explaining planetary motion was
In 1713 Emperor Charles VI sough approval of the Pragmatic Sanctions in order to guarantee the
indivisibility of the Hapsburg lands
Which of the following pairs of European rulers is generally identified as "enlightented" monarchs?
Joseph II and Catherine the Great
The 18th century Enlightened philosophes were primarily concerned with
critical and inquiring approaches to knowledge
"The law is the expression of the general will. All citizens have a right to concur either personally or by their representatives in its formation..."
What of the following best describes French writer Bernard de Fontenelle?
Fontenelle was cynical about the claims of orthodox religion and brought science into conflict with religion
According to Locke in his work Essay Concerning Human Understanding, what of the following would he consider to be most important in raising a child?
What of the following best describe the philosophers of the Enlightenment view on women?
Women should have greater rights, but it did not mean equal rights with men
What of the following was not a reason why most Enlightenment thinkers believed political change should come from the ruler as opposed to the people?
Many thinkers believed that common people were uninteresting in political matters
What of the following regions did Maria Teresa lose to Frederick of Prussia?
The granting of religious toleration by Joseph II toward this group was thought to be revolutionary for the time period
To improve the rural economy and lives of peasants, Maria Teresa
reduced nobles' power over their serfs