To study human behavior, sociologist use ________
Applying the _______ means that one has the ability to see the societal patterns that influence individuals and group life.
conflict theory emphasizes
a person or groups ability to exercise influence and control over others
the complex system that includes a groups beliefs, values, dress, and way of life, is called _______.
which of the following is an example of non-material culture?
a. painting
b. fashion magazine
c. building
d. table manners
material culture consists of
objects created in a given culture
why is culture important to humans?
a person must learn culture in order to know how to behave in their society.
in their day to day lives, most people
take the expectations of their culture for granted
strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior
the strictest norms in any society are called _____
people generally follow norms for behavior because
they have learned and internalized the common expectations for behavior
in every society, the dominant culture is
the culture of the most powerful group
Puerto Ricans in New York and the Amish are examples of
exist within and share some elements of the dominant culture
a researcher who lives among the homeless in an effort to understand their norms is an example of:
developing a research question is the _____ step in the research process
when the U.S census bureau mails forms to every home in the U.S. they are. using which data collection method?
specific rules of right and wrong are called
norms that members of society look upon as not being critical and that may be broken without severe punishment are
the most rigid norms are ___, formal rules about behavior.
scientific(empirical) way of thinking about society and it's influence on human groups
looking behind the facades of life
beliefs, values, knowledge, art, morals, laws, customs, habits, language, and the way you dress
the complex system of meaning and behavior that defines the way of life for a given group or society
consists of objects created in society (wedding ring, the desk you sit at when studying)
consists of non-tangible things such as the norms, laws customs, values, beliefs, and ideas of a group of people.
culture is learned both informally and formally
things or behaviors to which people give meaning; the meaning is not inherent it is bestowed by the meaning people give it.
examples of non material culture
language, norms, beliefs, values
a set of symbols and rules that put together in a meaningful way, provide a complex communication system
the specific cultural expectations for how to behave in a given situation
the general standards of behavior adhered to by a group (no harsh punishments)
strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior
(violating or breaking a more can result in punishment)
Mores are enforced by rules and laws
shared ideas held collectively by people within a given culture about what is true
shared beliefs are part of what binds people together in society
the abstract standards in a society or group that define ideal principles
what is desirable and morally correct
(determine what
is considered right and wrong, beautiful and ugly, good and bad)
culture of the most powerful group in a society
(not determined by size of group but the power that the group has)
those whose values and norms differ to some degree from those of the dominant culture
the habit of only seeing things from the point of view of one's own group
the idea that something can be understood and judged
only in relationship to the cultural context in which it appears
the channels of communication that are available to wide segments of the population (print, film, and radio&tv, internet)
shape culture including what people believe and the info available to them
popular culture refers to
the cultures beliefs and practices
reflection hypothesis contends that
the mass media reflects the values of the general population
functional theorists believe that
norms & values create or disrupt social bonds that attach people to society
cultures adjust slowly to changing cultural conditions
cultural diffusion is the
transmission of cultural elements from one society or cultural group to another
creates dramatic changes in society(trolleys, subways, and automobiles)
ex. people no longer walk to work
sociologist do research using what methods
participant observation
survey
research
official records or interviews
statistical analysis or qualitative data
1. develop a research question
2. research design
3. gathering data
4. data analysis
5. drawing conclusions
sociologist use 2 types of studies what are they
Qualitative & quantitative
studies are more interpretative observations
studies are usually statistically sophisticated
draws conclusions by studying general observations
involves creating a specific research question about a focused point
believable, may not be true , nothing to back up
Developing a research question
the 1st stage (researcher decides what to study)
deciding on appropriate data collection technique to use (interviews, surveys, web searches etc)
data is collected
Primary
data original data gathered specifically for the project
data gathered for an earlier study
sociologist organize collected data to discover patterns
generalization the ability to draw conclusions from specific day Nd to apply them to broader population
the most commonly used tool of research
sociologist becomes apart of the group and studies the behaviors of the group members
controlled experiments are useful for determining_____
cause and effect patterns
experimental group exposed to the factor/variable being
examined
control group not exposed to the factor /variable being tested
measures cultural artifacts of what people write, say, see and hear
includes magazines, tv programs, fairy tales, comic books, or popular music
assesses the effect of policies and programs on society
when the research may produce policy recommendations
is how we learn society's expectations
how groups and individuals are brought into conformity with dominant social expectations
are people or sources or structures that pass on social expectations
an increasingly important agent of socialization
people whom we interact on equal terms
another powerful agent of socialization
shapes the beliefs that we develop
the formation of identity is learned response to external social stimuli
identity is modeled in response to others expectations
socialization
integrates people into society
everyone has a role in society
ex. classroom within an institution
ex. family, church, college, government, education, economy
looking beyond the surface to see if your assumption is correct
have and have notes
sees society as organized around the
unequal distribution of resources and held together through power and coercion
way we dress and our beliefs
ex. table manners, standing while singing of national anthem
examples of norms values and beliefs
learned, shared, and taken for granted
does culture change over time
language, norms, Beliefs, values
in-tangible, can't actually hold it
what is the dominant culture in our country?
only sees things from your perspective
what does mass media do for us?
difference between Qualitative and Quantitative
qualitative is small ex. surveys a friend group
quantitative is quantity ex. surveys everyone in college
forming a research question then doing your research
studying official records ex. birth and death records
written consent, confidentiality, no harm
how we learn about our society and our societies expectations for us
nature is inborn
nurture is learned
something you learn along the way
through socialization you learn values
family,
mass media, peers, religion, schools
they teach us norms
examples of resocialization