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By Amanda Morin
At a glance
Least restrictive environment (LRE) means kids who get special education should be in the same classrooms as other kids as much as possible.
LRE isn’t a place — it’s a principle that guides a child’s education program.
The LRE for each child may look different because kids are unique.
When people think about special education, they sometimes think about separate classes or schools. But public schools are supposed to have kids who get special education services learn in the same classrooms as other kids as much as possible.
Unless there’s a strong reason, kids should be in those general education classrooms. This principle is called LRE, or least restrictive environment. LRE is an important part of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), the U.S. special education law.
The word environment makes it sound like a place. But where a child learns is only part of the equation. LRE applies to a student’s entire education program, including services.
A student’s Individualized Education Program (IEP) describes their special education and related services. The IEP must also address LRE. And the IEP must explain if and why a student is being placed outside of a general education classroom.
Dive deeper
What the law says about LRE
How LRE works in practice
Other terms you may hear
Related topics
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About the author
About the author
Amanda Morin is the author of “The Everything Parent’s Guide to Special Education” and the former director of thought leadership at Understood. As an expert and writer, she helped build Understood from its earliest days.
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Andrew M.I. Lee, JD is an editor and attorney who strives to help people understand complex legal, education, and parenting issues.
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Questions and Answers on Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) Requirements of the IDEA
U. S. Department of Education, Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services (OSERS)
November 23, 1994
This Memorandum, below, was issued on November 23, 1994. Since then, the special education statute has been revised twice, in 1997 and 2004. (IDEA 97 + IDEA 2004) The specific statutory and regulatory legal cites below have changed. The content remains the same. The current statute is known as IDEA 2004 and the citations and page numbers in our book, Wrightslaw: Special Education Law, 2nd Ed. are provided at critical points.
This Memorandum is available as a pdf file located at: //www.wrightslaw.com/law/osep/lre.osep.memo.1994.1123.pdf.
*******************************
TO: Chief State School Officers
FROM: Judith E. Heumann, Assistant Secretary
Office of Special Education and Rehabilitation Services
Thomas Hehir, Director
Office of Special Education Programs
Date: November 23, 1994
Introduction
The least restrictive environment (LRE) requirements of Part B of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) have been included in the law in their present form since 1975. However, these requirements continue to generate complex and interesting questions from the field. In particular, questions have been raised about the relationship of IDEA's LRE requirements to "inclusion."
Consistent with our attempt to provide you and your staff with as much current information as possible and to ensure that the applicable requirements of IDEA that govern the education of students with disabilities are accurately understood and properly implemented, guidance on IDEA's LRE requirements is being provided in a question and answer format.
In most cases, this question and answer document consolidates the prior policy guidance that the Department has provided in this area. We encourage you to disseminate this document to a wide range of individuals and organizations throughout your State. Any further questions should be directed to the contact person named at the beginning of this document or to Dr. Joleta Reynolds at (202) 205-5507.
We hope that the above questions and answers are of assistance to you and your staff as you carry out your responsibilities to ensure that disabled students are provided a free appropriate public education in the least restrictive environment.
Questions and Answers
1. What are the least restrictive Environment (LRE) requirements of Part B of IDEA?
ANSWER: In order to be eligible to receive funds under Part B of IDEA (IDEA), States must, among other conditions, assure that a free appropriate public education (FAPE) is made available to all children with specified disabilities in mandated age ranges.
The term "FAPE" is defined as including, among other elements, special education and related services, provided at no cost to parents, in conformity with an individualized education program (IEP).
The IEP, which contains the statement of the special education and related services to meet each disabled students' unique needs, forms the basis for the entitlement of each student with a disability to an individualized and appropriate education.
IDEA further provides that States must have in place procedures assuring that, "to the maximum extent appropriate, children with disabilities, including children in public or private institutions or other care facilities, are educated with children who are not disabled, and that special classes, separate schooling, or other removal of children with disabilities from the regular educational environment occurs only when the nature or severity of the disability is such that education in regular classes with the use of supplementary aids and services cannot be achieved satisfactorily."
This provision, which states IDEA's strong preference for educating students with disabilities in regular classes with appropriate aids and supports, is found in the statute at 20 USC 1412(5)(B) and is implemented by the Department's regulations at 34 CFR 300.550-300.556. Copies of the relevant statutory and regulatory provisions are attached to this question and answer document.
(Wrightslaw Note: IDEA 2004 revision - this is now 20 USC 1412(a)(5) and regulations are 34 CFR 300.114-300.120 in Wrightslaw: Special Education Law, 2nd Ed., pages 72 + 206.)
2. Does IDEA define the term "inclusion?"
ANSWER: IDEA does not use the term "inclusion"; consequently, the Department of Education has not defined that term. However, IDEA does require school districts to place students in the LRE.
LRE means that, to the maximum extent appropriate, school districts must educate students with disabilities in the regular classroom with appropriate aids and supports, referred to as "supplementary aids and services, " along with their nondisabled peers in the school they would attend if not disabled, unless a student's IEP requires some other arrangement. This requires and individualized inquiry into the unique educational needs of each disabled student in determining the possible range of aids and supports that are needed to facilitate the students's placement in the regular educational environment before a more restrictive placement is considered.
In implementing IDEA's LRE provisions, the regular classroom in the school the student would attend if not disabled is the first placement option considered for each disabled student before a more restrictive placement is considered.
If the IEP of a student with a disability can be implemented satisfactorily with the provision of supplementary aids and services in the regular classroom in the school the student would attend if not disabled, that placement is the LRE placement for that student. However, if the student's IEP cannot be implemented satisfactorily in that environment, even with the provision of supplementary aids and services, the regular classroom in the school the student would attend if not disabled is not the LRE placement for that student.
3. How can IDEA requirements be implemented to ensure that consideration is given to whether a student with a disability can be educated in the regular educational environment with the use of supplementary aids and services before a more restrictive placement is considered?
ANSWER: The relationship of IDEA's LRE requirements to the IEP process is key, since under IDEA, the student's IEP forms the basis for the student's
placement decision.
IDEA requires that the IEP of each disabled student must contain, among other components, a "statement of the specific special education and related services to be provided to the child and the extent that the child will be able to participate in regular educational programs." 34 CFR 300.346(a)(3).
(Wrightslaw Note: IDEA 2004 - see 34 CFR 300.320 in Wrightslaw: Special Education Law, 2nd Ed., page 245.)
At the student's IEP meeting, the extent that the student will be able to participate in regular educational programs is one of the matters to be addressed by all of the participants on the student's IEP team before the student's IEP is finalized. In addressing this issue, the team must consider the range of supplementary aids and services, in light of the student's abilities and needs, that would facilitate the student's placement in the regular educational environment. As discussed in question 4 below, these supplementary aids and services must be described in the student's IEP.
4. Does IDEA define the term "supplementary aids and services?"
ANSWER: No. However, in determining the educational placement for each disabled student, the first line of inquiry is whether the student's IEP can be implement satisfactorily in the regular educational environment with the provision of supplementary aids and services. This requirement has been in effect since 1975 when the education of the Handicapped Act (EHA), the predecessor to the IDEA, originally became law.
Consistent with this requirement, any modifications to the regular educational program, i. e. , supplementary aids and services that the IEP team determines that the student needs to facilitate the student's placement in the regular educational environment must be described in the student's IEP and must be provided to the student. Appendix C to 34 CFR Part 300 (question 48). While determinations of what supplementary aids and services are appropriate for a particular student must be made on an individual basis, some supplementary aids and services that educators have used successfully include modifications to the regular class curriculum, assistance of an itinerant teacher with special education training, special education training for the regular teacher, use of computer-assisted devices, provision of notetakers, and use of a resource room, to mention a few.
(Wrightslaw Note: IDEA 2004 defines Supplementary Aids and Services. See the Definitions in 20 USC 1401(33) and 34 CFR 300.42 in Wrightslaw: Special Education Law, 2nd Ed., pages 55 + 203.)
5. How frequently must a disabled student's placement be reviewed under IDEA?
ANSWER: Under IDEA, each disabled student's placement must be determined at least annually, must be based on the student's IEP, and must be in the school or facility as close as possible to the student's home.
Under IDEA, each student's placement decision must be made by a group of persons, including persons knowledgeable about the student, the meaning of evaluation data and the placement options. While the student's IEP forms the basis for the placement decision, a student's IEP cannot be revised without holding another IEP meeting, which the scholl district is responsible for convening.
If either the student's parent or teacher or other service provider wishes to initiate review of the student's IEP at a point in the school year that does not correspond with the annual IEP review, that individual can request the school district to hold another IEP meeting. If the IEP is revised, following the meeting, the placement team would need to review the student's IEP to determine if a change in placement would be needed to reflect the revised IEP.
6. If a determination is made that a student with a disability can be educated in regular classes with the provision of supplementary aids and services, can school districts refuse to implement the student's IEP in a specific class because of the unwillingness of a particular teacher to educate that student in his or her classroom or the teacher's assertion that he or she lacks adequate training to educate that student effectively?
ANSWER: Under IDEA, lack of adequate personnel or resources does not relieve school districts of their obligations to make FAPE available to each disabled student in the least restrictive educational setting in which his or her IEP can be implemented.
Exclusion of a student from an appropriate placement based solely on the student's disability is prohibited by Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973.
However, placement in a particular regular class based on the qualifications of the particular teacher is permissible under both statutes.
The public agency has an affirmative responsibility to ensure the supply of sufficient numbers of teachers who are qualified, with needed aids and supports, to provide services to students with disabilities in regular educational environments, and to provide necessary training and support services to students with disabilities. The Department encourages States and school districts to develop innovative approaches to address issues surrounding resource availability. Factors that could be examined include cooperative learning, teaching styles, physical arrangements of the classroom, curriculum modifications, peer mediated supports, and equipment, to mention a few.
7. Once a determination is made that a disabled student cannot be educated satisfactorily in the regular educational environment, even with the provision of supplementary aids and services, what considerations govern placement?
ANSWER: IDEA does not require that every student with a disability be placed in the regular classroom regardless of individual abilities and needs.
This recognition that regular class placement may not be appropriate for every disabled student is reflected in the requirement that school districts make available a range of placement options, known as a continuum of alternative placements, to meet the unique educational needs of students with disabilities. This requirement for the continuum reinforces the importance of the individualized inquiry, not a "one size fits all" approach, in determining what placement is the LRE for each student with a disability. The options on this continuum must include "the alternative placements listed in the definition of special education under Section 300.17 (instruction in regular classes, special classes, special schools, home instruction, and instruction in hospitals and institutions)." 34 CFR 300.551(b)(1).
(Wrightslaw Note: IDEA 2004 defines "special education" in the statute at 20 USC 1401(29) and in the regulations at 34 CFR 300.39 in Wrightslaw: Special Education Law, 2nd Ed., pages 55 + 202.)
These options must be available to the extent necessary to implement the IEP of each disabled student. The placement team must select the option on the continuum in which it determines that the student's IEP can be implemented. Any alternative placement selected for the student outside of the regular educational environment must maximize opportunities for the student to interact with nondisabled peers, to the extent appropriate to the needs of the student.
It also should be noted that under IDEA, parents must be given written prior notice that meets the requirements of 300.505 a reasonable time before a public agency implements a proposal or refusal to initiate or change the identification, evaluation, or educational placement of the child, or the provision of FAPE to the child. Consistent with this notice requirement, parents of disabled students must be informed that the public agency is required to have a full continuum of placement options, as well as about the placement options that were actually considered and the reasons why those options were rejected. 34 CFR 300.504-300.505; Notice of Policy Guidance on Deaf Students Education Services, published at 57 Fed. Reg. 49274 (Oct. 30, 1992).
(Wrightslaw Note: IDEA 2004 explains "Prior Written Notice" in the statute at 20 USC 1415(c)(1) and in the regulations at 34 CFR 300.503 in Wrightslaw: Special Education Law, 2nd Ed., pages 109 + 253.)
8. What are the permissible factors that must be considered in determining what placement is appropriate for a student with a disability? Which factors, if any, may not be considered?
ANSWER: The overriding rule in placement is that each student's placement must be individually-determined based on the individual student's abilities and needs. As noted previously, it is the program of specialized instruction and related service contained in the student's IEP that forms the basis for the placement decision. In determining if a placement is appropriate under IDEA, the following factors are relevant:
* the educational benefits available to the disabled student in a traditional classroom, supplemented with appropriate aids and services, in comparison to the educational benefits to the disabled student from a special education classroom;
* the non-academic benefits to the disabled student from interacting with nondisabled students; and
* the degree of disruption of the education of other students, resulting in the inability to meet the unique needs of the disabled student.
However, school districts may not make placements based solely on factors such as the following: