Module 4.1
States of Consciousness
� Consciousness: a stream of thoughts; our awareness of ourselves and our environments
� Focused awareness
� Drifting consciousness
� Daydreaming
� Divided consciousness
� Automatic pilot
States of Unconsciousness
� States in which we are relatively unaware of our external surroundings
� Examples
� Head trauma
� General anesthesia
� Coma
� Altered states of consciousness
� Daydreaming, meditation, hypnosis, drugs
Module 4.2
Sleeping and Dreaming
Circadian Rhythms and Sleep
� Difficulties with circadian rhythm
� Jet lag
� Shift work
SLEEP: Why do we sleep?
SLEEP:
� periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness
� Repair and restoration theory
�
Evolutionary Theory
a) Energy conservation version
b) Predatory avoidance version
MEASURING SLEEP
Brain Wave Patterns (Figure 4.1)
Stages of Sleep
� Stages 1 to 4
� Stage 1: small irregular brain waves, light sleep
� Stage 2: sleep spindles
� Stages 3 & 4: delta or slow-wave sleep, deep sleep
� REM sleep
� Rapid eye movements occur
� Full dreams occur
� Paradoxical sleep
Sleep time for humans as a� function of age
Dreams and Dreaming
� Why do we dream?
� Consolidate memories and learning
� Problem solving
� Activation-synthesis hypothesis
� Wish fulfillment (Sigmund Freud)
� Manifest and latent content
� Symbolic nature of dreams
Sleep Deprivation
� Impact of sleep deprivation
� Slowed reaction times
� Impaired concentration, memory, problem solving
� Difficulty learning new information
� Impaired academic performance
� Accidents
� Weakened immune system
Sleep Disorders
� Insomnia
� Hypersomnia
� Narcolepsy: �sleep attacks�
� Sleep apnea
� Nightmare disorder
� Sleep terror disorder
� Sleepwalking disorder
� Sleep talking
� Periodic Limb Movement Disorder (Myoclonic Jerks)
Module 4.3
Altering Consciousness Through Meditation and Hypnosis
Meditation
� Focused attention inducing a relaxed, contemplative state
� May focus on single object or idea
� Mantra: repeating phrase or sound
� Practice varies between cultures
� Varied goals
� Relax body and mind
� Expand consciousness, awareness, peacefulness
Hypnosis
� HYPNOSIS: A social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts or behaviors will spontaneously occur.
� Altered state of consciousness with:
� Focused attention
� Deep relaxation
� Suggestibility
� Varied techniques, such as:
� Focus on hypnotist�s voice
� Focus on object
� Suggestions
Hypnosis
� Hypnotic suggestion
� Age regression
� Analgesia
� Distortions of reality (positive and negative hallucinations)
� Posthypnotic amnesia
� Posthypnotic suggestion
Theories of Hypnosis
� Trance state characterized by suggestibility
� Role-playing model
� Neodissociation theory (Hilgard)
� Dissociated consciousness:
� a split in consciousness.
� allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others.
� Hidden observer
� Hilgard�s term describing a hypnotized subject�s awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go unreported during hypnosis.
� Cold pressor test.
Competing views of hypnosis
Hypnosis and Personality
� Characteristics of highly hypnotizable people
� Well-developed fantasy life
� Vivid sense of imagination
� Forgetfulness
� Positive attitude toward hypnosis
Module 4.4
Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
Psychoactive Drugs
� Act on brain to affect emotional or mental states
� Examples
� Heroin, cocaine, marijuana
� Alcohol, nicotine, caffeine
Concepts of Drug Use
� Psychoactive Drug
� a chemical substance that alters perceptions and alters mood
� Physical Dependence
� physiological need for a drug
� marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms
� Psychological Dependence
� a psychological need to use a drug
� for example, to relieve negative emotions
Dependence
Classes of Psychoactive Drugs
� Depressants
� drugs that reduce neural activity
� slow body function
� alcohol, barbiturates, opiates
� Stimulants
� drugs that excite neural activity
� speed up body function
� caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines
� Hallucinogens
� psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
� LSD
Depressants
� Alcohol: disinhibiting intoxicant
� Most widely used and abused depressant
� Disturbs balance and motor skills, slurred speech, impairs judgment, concentration, and attention
� Accounts for 100,000 deaths per year in US
� Alcoholism
� Binge drinking
Depressants
� Barbiturates
� Calming or sedating effects
� Drowsiness, slurred speech, impairment
� Examples: Amobarbital, pentobarbital, phenobarbital
� Tranquilizers
� Treat anxiety, insomnia
� Reduce arousal, induce calm feelings
� Examples: Valium, Xanax, Halcion
Depressants
� Opioids
� Narcotics: addictive, pain-relieving, sleep-inducing
� Produce euphoric �rush,� dampen awareness
� Examples
� Derivatives of poppy: morphine, heroin, codeine
� Synthetics: Demerol, Percodan, Darvon
� Legitimate medical uses
� Popular illicit street drugs
Stimulants
� Heighten activity of CNS
� Types
� Amphetamines
� Cocaine
� MDMA (Ecstasy)
� Nicotine
� Caffeine
Hallucinogens
� Alter perceptions, distortions, hallucinations
� Types
� LSD
� Mescaline, psilocybin, and PCP
� Marijuana
Drug Abuse
� Social and cultural factors
� Genetic factors
� Neurotransmitters, biochemistry, endorphins
� Psychological factors
� Cognitive factors
Drug abuse across cultures
Drug Treatment
� Most effective treatment: use a wide variety of approaches
� Detoxification
� Follow-up services, counseling
� Therapeutic drugs
� Self-help programs
Module 4.5
Application: Getting Your Z�s
Insomnia
� Common sleep problem
� Difficulty getting enough sleep
� May reflect underlying psychological or physiological disorder
� Often reflects unhealthy sleep habits
Healthy Sleep Habits
� Regular sleep schedule
� Don�t try to force sleep
� Regular bedtime routine
� Proper cues for sleeping
� Avoid tossing and turning
� Avoid daytime naps
� Don�t take problems to bed
� Use mental imagery
� Regular exercise
� Limit caffeine
� Rational �self-talk�
What drugs distort perceptions and evoke sensory images?
Hallucinogens are psychedelic (mind- manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.
Are a category of drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input?
Hallucinogens are psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.
Which of the following would produce sensory images in the absence of sensory input?
Psychedelic (mind manifesting) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions & evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.
Which type of drug is best known for altering a person's sense of perception?
Psychedelics (also known as hallucinogens) are a class of psychoactive substances that produce changes in perception, mood and cognitive processes. Psychedelics affect all the senses, altering a person's thinking, sense of time and emotions.