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Terms in this set (99)
MIS infrastructure
includes the plans for how a firm will build, deploy, use, and share its data, processes, and MIS assets
a solid MIS infrastructure can
reduce costs, improve productivity, optimize business operations, generate growth, and increase profitability.
Hardware
consists of the physical devices associated with a computer system
software
the set of instructions the hardware executes to carry out specific tasks
how are most hardware and software run today?
via a network
network
A communications system created by linking two or more devices and establishing a standard methodology in which they can communicate
client
A computer that requests data stored on a server.
server
a computer dedicated to providing information in response to requests
is an MIS infrastructure dynamic or static?
dynamic; continually changes as the business needs
enterprise architect
a person grounded in technology, fluent in business, and able to provide the important bridge between MIS and the business; help change and update MIS infrastructure as needed
three areas enterprise architects focus on when maintaining a firms MIS infrastructure
1. supporting operations
2. supporting change
3. supporting the environment (sustainability)
Supporting Operations
(information MIS infrastructure)identifies where and how important info is maintained and stored
supporting change
(Agile MIS Infrastructure) includes the hardware, software, and telecommunications equipment that, when combined, provides the underlying foundation to support the organization's goals.
supporting the environment
(Sustainable MIS infrastructure) identifies ways that a company can grow in terms of computing resources while simultaneously becoming less dependent on hardware and energy consumption
MIS infrastructures figure
Areas of Support Provided by Information Infrastructure
backup
An exact copy of a system's information
recovery
the ability to get a system up and running in the event of a system crash or failure that includes restoring the information backup
fault tolerance
the ability for a system to respond to unexpected failures or system crashes as the backup system immediately and automatically takes over with no loss of service
failover
a specific type of fault tolerance, occurs when a redundant storage server offers an exact replica of the real-time data, and if the primary server crashes, the users are automatically directed to the secondary server or backup server (high-speed and high-cost)
failback
occurs when the primary machine recovers and resumes operations, taking over from the secondary server
low-speed and low-cost backup options
DVDS or thumb drives
effects of a disaster on companies and businesses
- disrupting communications
- damaging physical infrastructures
- halting transportation
- blocking utilities (power, water, gas)
disaster recovery plan
A detailed process for recovering information or an IT system in the event of a catastrophic disaster such as a fire or flood
Sites to support disaster recovery
hot site
is a separate and fully equipped facility where the company can move immediately after a disaster and resume business
cold site
A separate facility that does not have any computer equipment, but is a place where employees can move after a disaster
warm site
A separate facility with computer equipment that requires installation and configuration
disaster recovery cost curve
charts (1) the cost to the company of the unavailability of information and technology and (2) the cost to the company of recovering from a disaster over time
emergency
a sudden, unexpected event requiring immediate action due to potential threat to health and safety, the environment, or property
Emergency preparedness
ensures a company is ready to respond to an emergency in an organized, timely, and effective manner
Business Continuity Planning (BCP)
details how a company recovers and restores critical business operations and systems after a disaster or extended disruption
BCP includes such factors as
identifying critical systems, business processes, departments, and the maximum amount of time the business can continue to operate without functioning systems
business impact analysis
Identifies all critical business functions and the effect that a specific disaster may have upon them
emergency notification service
an infrastructure built for notifying people in the event of an emergency
technology failure
occurs when the ability of a company to operate is impaired because of a hardware, software, or data outage
incidents
unplanned interruption of a service
incident record
contains all of the details of an incident
incident management
the process responsible for managing how incidents are identified and corrected
technology recovery strategies
focus specifically on prioritizing the order for restoring hardware, software, and data across the organization that best meets business recovery requirements
Key Areas of Technology Recovery Strategies
Agile MIS Infrastructure
Accessibility
Refers to the varying levels that define what a user can access, view, or perform when operating a system
administrator access
unrestricted access to the entire system
web accessibility
Allows people with disabilities to use the Web
Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI)
brings together people from industry, disability organizations, government, and research labs from around the world to develop guidelines and resources to help make the web accessible to people with disabilities, including auditory, cognitive, neurological, physical, speech, and visual disabilities
availability
refers to the time frames when the system is operational
unavailable
Time frames when a system is not operating and cannot be used
high availability
occurs when a system is continuously operational at all times
maintainability (flexibility)
refers to how quickly a system can transform to support environmental / business/ company changes
portability
refers to the ability of an application to operate on different devices or software platforms, such as different operating systems
reliability (accuracy)
ensures a system is functioning correctly and providing accurate information
vulnerability
a system weakness, such as a password that is never changed or a system left on while an employee goes to lunch, that can be exploited by a threat
Scalability
How well a system can scale up, or adapt to the increased demands of growth
performance
measures how quickly a system performs a certain process or transaction
capacity
represents the maximum throughput a system can deliver
capacity planning
determines future environmental infrastructure requirements to ensure high-quality system performance
Usability
The degree to which a system is easy to learn and efficient and satisfying to use
Servicability
How quickly a third-party can change a system to ensure it meets user needs and the terms of any contracts, including agreed levels of reliability, maintainability, or availability
Moore's Law
Refers to the computer chip performance per dollar doubles every 18 months (was originally 2 years)
Sustainable, or "green," MIS
Describes the production, management, use, and disposal of technology in a way that minimizes damage to the environment
Corporate Social Responsibility
Companies' acknowledged responsibility to society
clean computing
a subset of sustainable MIS, refers to the environmentally responsible use, manufacture, and disposal of technology products and computer equipment
green personal computer (green PC)
built using environment-friendly materials and designed to save energy
Ewaste
refers to discarded, obsolete, or broken electronic devices
upcycle
reuses or refurbishes ewaste and creates a new product
Sustainable MIS disposal
Refers to the safe disposal of MIS assets at the end of their life cycle
Three Pressures Driving Sustainable MIS Infrastructures
energy consumption
the amount of energy consumed by business processes and systems
carbon emissions
Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide produced by business processes and systems
Sustainable MIS Infrastructure components
grid computing
A collection of computers, often geographically dispersed, that are coordinated to solve a common problem (distributed to many machines, using about 25% or processing power; good for scalability)
smart grid
delivers electricity using two-way digital technology (more efficient and reliable than the outdated electrical grid)
Virtualization
Creates multiple "virtual" machines on a single computing device
benefits of virtualization
- higher level of performance
- less hardware
- increase hardware usability
Storage Virtualization
combines multiple network storage devices so they appear to be a single storage device
network virtualization
combines networks by splitting the available bandwidth into independent channels that can be assigned in real time to a specific device
server virtualization
combines the physical resources, such as servers, processors, and operating systems, from the applications (most common)
data centers
A facility used to house management information systems and associated components, such as telecommunications and storage systems
ways for data centers to become sustainable
cloud computing
stores, manages, and processes data and applications over the internet rather than on a personal computer or server
cloud computing advantages
Multi-tenancy in the cloud
means that a single instance of a system serves multiple customers (aka tenants) reduces operational costs
Single-tenancy
each customer or tenant must purchase and maintain an individual system
cloud fabric
The software that makes possible the benefits of cloud computing, such as multi-tenancy
cloud fabric controller
an individual who monitors and provisions cloud resources, similar to a server administrator at an individual company
characteristics of cloud computing
utility computing
offers a pay-per-use revenue model similar to a metered service such as gas or electricity
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
delivers hardware networking capabilities, including the use of servers, networking, and storage, over the cloud using a pay-per-use revenue model
dynamic scaling
Means that the MIS infrastructure can be automatically scaled up or down based on needed requirements.
disaster recovery as a service (DRaaS)
offers backup services that use cloud resources to protect applications and data from disruption caused by disaster
Cloud Service Delivery Models
Software as a Service (SaaS)
delivers applications over the cloud using a pay-per-use revenue model
Platform as a Service (PaaS)
supports the deployment of entire systems including hardware, networking, and applications using a pay-per-use revenue model
Cloud Computing environments
-private cloud
-public cloud
-hybrid cloud
-community cloud
Public Cloud
promotes massive, global, and industrywide applications offered to the general public
Private Cloud
serves only one customer or organization and can be located on the customer's premises or off the customer's premises
community cloud
serves a specific community with common business models, security requirements, and compliance considerations
hybrid cloud
includes two or more private, public, or community clouds, but each cloud remains separate and is only linked by technology that enables data and application portability
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