Scientific study of behavior and mental processes
Wundt’s approach which focuses on uncovering the fundamental mental components ofconsciousness, thinking, and other kinds of mental states and activities
A procedure used to study the structure of the mindin which subjects are asked to describe in detail what they are experiencing when they are exposed to a stimulus
In early approach to psychology, led by William James, that concentrated on what themind does, the functions of mental activity, and the role of behavior in allowing people to adapt to their environments
An approach to psychology that focuses on the organization of perception and thinking in a “whole” sense rather than on the individual elements of perception
The approach that views behavior from the perspective of the brain, the nervous system, and other biological function
Psychodynamic perspective
The approach based on the view That behavior is motivated by unconscious inner forces over which the individual has little control
The approach that suggests that observable, measurable behavior should be the focus of study
The approach that focuses on how people think, understand, and know about the world
The approach that suggests that all individuals naturally Strive to grow, develop, and be in control of their lives and behavior
The idea that behavior is caused primarily by choice that are made freely by the individual
The idea that people‘s behavior is produced primarily by factors outside of their willfulcontrol
Biological foundations
sensing perceiving learning and thinking
sources of change as Stability
physical and mental health
social networks
expanding frontier
Five major psychological perspective
Neuroscience
cognitive
behavioral
humanistic
psychodynamic
Psychology key issues and controversies
Nature vs nurture
conscious vs unconscious
observable behavior vs internal mental processes
free will vs determinism
individual differences vs universal principles
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Psychology | the scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
goals of psychology | to try to describe, predict, and explain human behavior and mental processes. |
historical roots of pyschology | Ancient Greeks;The 19th century is considered the formal beginning of psychology and Wilhelm Wundt developed the first laboratory that focused on psychology |
trephining | the ancient “cure” for mental illness that involved chipping away at the skull to allow evil spirits to escape |
Who formally established psychology in 1879? | Wilhelm Wundt |
Introspection | procedure used to study the structure of the mind in which subjects are asked to describe in detail what they’re experiencing when exposed to the stimulus |
Structuralism | Wundt’s approach, focuses on uncovering the fundamental components of consciousness, thinking, and other kinds of mental states and activities |
Functionalism | early approach to psychology that concentrated on what the mind does-the functions of mental activity-and the role of behavior in allowing people to adapt to their environments |
Nature vs. nurture debate in psychology | How people’s behavior is due to their genetically determined nature, and how much is due to nurture, the influences of the physical and social environment in which a child is raised |
Neuroscience perspective | approach that views behavior from the perspective of the brain, the nervous system, and other biological functions |
Psychodynamic perspective | approach based on the view that behavior is motivated by unconscious inner forces over which the individual has little control |
Behvaioral perspective | approach that suggests that observable, measureable behavior should be the focus of study |
cognitive perspective | approach that focuses on how people think, understand, and know about the world |
Humanistic perspective | approach that suggests that all individuals naturally strive to grow, develop, and be in control of their live and behavior |
founder of the psychodynamic perspective | Sigmund Freud |
hypothesis | A prediction, stemming from a theory, stated in a way that allows it to be tested. |
theory | Broad explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest |
operationalization of variables | The translation of a hypothesis into specific, testable procedures that can be measured and observed |
archival research | research in which existing data such as census and college records, are examined to test a hypothesis |
case study | in-depth, intensive investigation of an individual or small group of people |
correlational research | research in which the relationship between two sets of variables is examined to determine whether they are associated, or “correlated” |
naturalistic research | research in which an investigator simply observes some naturally occurring behavior and doesn’t make a change in the situation |
experimentation research | the investigation of the relationship between two or more variables by deliberately producing a change in one variable in a situation and observing the effects of that change another aspects of the situation |
survey method research | research in which people chosen to represent a larger population are asked a series of questions about their behavior, thoughts, or attitudes |
independent variable | variable that’s manipulated by an experimenter |
dependent varaible | variable that is measured and is expected to change as a result of changes caused by the experimenter’s manipulation of the independent variable |
control group | group participating in an experiment that receives no treatment |
experimental group | any group participating in an experiment that receives a treatment |
steps in scientific method | identify questions of interest,formulate explanation, carry out research, communicate the findings |
purpose of random assignment of participants | There is an equal chance that participant characteristics will be distributed across the various groups |
Experimental bias | Factors that distort how the independent variable affects the dependent variable in an experiment |
Ethical principles | Protection of participants from physical and mental harm;The right of participants to privacy regarding their behavior;The assurance that participation is completely voluntary,The necessity of informing participants about the nature of procedures |
Informed consent | Document signed by participants affirming that they have been told the basic outlines of the study and are aware of what their participation will involve |