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Terms in this set (59)
Motivation
defined as the psychological processes that arouse and direct goal-directed behavior.
Extrinsic reward
is the payoff, such as money, that a person receives from other for performing a task.
Intrinsic reward
is the satisfaction, such as a feeling of accomplishment that a person receives from performing the particular task itself.
Content perspectives
are theories that emphasize the needs that motivate people.
Needs
are defined as a physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior.
Hierarchy of needs theory
which proposes that people are motivated by five levels of needs : physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization.
Physiological needs
most basic of physical needs, in which one is concerned with having food, clothing, shelter, and comfort.
Safety needs
person is concerned with avoiding violence and threats, and looking for emotional security.
Love needs
love, friendship, and affection
Esteem needs
self-respect, status, reputation, recognition, and self-confidence.
Self-actualization needs
the highest level of need, self-fulfillment, the need develop one's fullest potential, to become the best one is capable of being.
ERG theory
assumes that three basic needs influence behavior: existence, relatedness, and growth.
Existence needs
are the desire for physiological and material well-being.
Relatedness Needs
are the desire to have meaningful relationships with people who are significant to us.
Growth Needs
are the desire to grow as human beings and to use our abilities to their fullest potential.
Acquired needs theory
states the three needs: achievement, affiliation, and power, are major motives determining people's behavior in the workplace.
Need for affiliation
A need for close relationships. Example social approval.
Two-factor Theory
which proposed that work satisfaction and dissatisfaction arise from two different factors: work satisfaction from motivating factors and work dissatisfaction from hygiene factors.
Hygiene Factors
are factors associated with job dissatisfaction, such as salary, working conditions, interpersonal relationships, which all affect the job context in which people work.
Motivating Factors
are factors associated with job satisfaction, such as achievement, recognition, responsibility, and advancement, all of which affect the job content or the rewards of work performance.
Process Perspectives
are concerned with the thought processes by which people decide how to act.
Equity Theory
focuses on employee perceptions as to how fairly they think they are being treated compared to others.
Inputs
what people give to an organization: time, effort, training, experience, intelligence, creativity, seniority, status.
Outputs
are the rewards that people receive from an organization: pay, benefits, praise, recognition, bonuses, promotions, status perquisites.
Expectancy theory
suggests that people are motivated by two things: how much they want something and how likely they think they are to get it.
Expectancy
is the belief that a particular level of effort will lead to a particular level of performance.
Instrumentality
is the expectation that successful performance of the task will lead to the outcome desired.
Valence
is value, the importance a worker assigns to the possible outcome or reward.
Goal Setting Theory
suggests that employees can be motivated by goals that are specific and challenging but achievable.
Job Design
is the division of an organization's work among its employees and the application of motivational theories to jobs to increase satisfaction and performance.
Job simplification
the process of reducing the number of tasks a worker performs.
Job enlargement
consists of increasing the number of tasks in a job to increase variety and motivation.
Job enrichment
consists of building into a job motivating factors as responsibility, achievement, recognition, stimulating work, and advancement.
Job characteristics
the employee's motivation, performance, and satisfaction.
Task identity
describes the extent to which a job requires a worker to perform all the tasks needed to complete the job from beginning to end.
Task Significance
describes the extent to which a job affects the lives of other people weather inside or outside the organization.
Autonomy
describes the extent to which a job allows an employee to make choices about scheduling different tasks and deciding how to perform them.
Feedback
describes the extent to which workers receive clear, direct information about how well they are performing the job.
Reinforcement theory
which attempts to explain behavior change by suggesting that behavior with positive consequences tends to be repeated, whereas behavior with negative consequences tends not to be repeated.
Reinforcement
is anything that causes a given behavior to be repeated or inhibited.
Positive Reinforcement
is the use of positive consequence in order to strengthen a particular behavior.
Negative reinforcement
is the process of strengthening a behavior by withdrawing something negative.
Extinction
is the weakening of behavior by ignoring it or making sure it is not reinforced.
Punishment
is the process of weakening behavior by presenting something negative or withdrawing something positive.
Pay for performance
bases on one's results
Piece rate
in which employees are paid according to how much output they produce.
Sales commission
in which sales representatives are paid a percentage of the earnings the company made from their sales.
Profit sharing
is the distribution to employees of a percentage of the company's profits.
Gain Sharing
is the distribution of savings or 'gains' to groups of employees who reduced costs and increased measurable productivity.
Stock options
certain employees are given the right to buy stock at a future date for discounted price.
Pay for knowledge
ties employee pay to the number of job-relevant skills or academic degrees they earn.
Abraham Maslow
hierarchy of needs.
Clayton Alderfer
ERG theory
David McClelland
acquired needs theory
Frederick Herzberg
Two-factor Theory
J. Stacey Adams
Equity Theory
Victor Vroom
expectancy theory
Edwin Locke and Gary Latham
Goal setting theory
Edward L. Thorndike and B.F. Skinner
reinforcement theory
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Which of the following most likely represents a prototype for the concept indicated in parentheses? a. A whale (mammal). b. An ostrich (bird). c. A beanbag chair (chair). d. An igloo (house). e. A golden retriever (dog).
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Even as newborns, we prefer sights and sounds that facilitate social responsiveness. This can be seen by a newborn's preference for a. soft music. b. face-like images. c. low pitched sounds. d. soft colors. e. loud music.
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''On overage, 39 percent of the respondents' patients ore on drug therapy. Respondents who see children less than 13 years old said that about 22 percent of patients in that age group take psychotropic medications. Survey respondents report that 29 percent of their teenage patients-those 13 to 19 years old-are toking psychotropic medications. However, responding psychologists report that adult patients are more likely to be on drug therapy-46 percent of patients 10 to 59 years old and 43 percent of patients older than 60 years. Participating psychologists expect that these numbers will increase: 62 percent think that medication will play a greater role in treating mental health disorders over the next three to five years..." -from "Psychologists and Psychotropic Medication," Monitor on Psychology, May, 2006. What trends do psychologists see for the use of psychotropic drugs in the future?
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