1. When someone has a high and positive “expectancy” in expectancy theory of motivation, this means that the person.
(a) believes he can achieve performance expectations
(b) highly values the rewards being offered
(c) sees a performance–reward link
(d) believes rewards are equitable
2. The law of states that behavior followed by a positive consequence is likely to be repeated,
whereas behavior followed by an undesirable consequence is not likely to be repeated.
(a) reinforcement
(b) contingency
(c) goal setting
(d) effect
3. When a job allows a person to do a complete unit of work, it is high on which core characteristic?
(a) task identity
(b) task significance
(c) task autonomy
(d) feedback
4. is a positive reinforcement strategy that rewards successive approximations to a desirable behavior.
(a)
Extinction
(b) Negative reinforcement
(c) Shaping
(d) Merit pay
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Motivation
What is motivation? | The level, direction, and persistence of effort at work |
How are extrinsic rewards achieved? | Through somebody else |
______________ rewards are externally administered? | Extrinsic |
Intrinsic rewards occur how? | Naturally during job performance |
___________ rewards occur naturally during job performance | Intrinsic |
What are the four content theories of motivation? | Hierarchy of needs theory, ERG theory, two-factor theory, acquired needs theory |
How many content theories of motivation are there? | Four |
The Content Theories of Motivation are... __________________ Theory, ERG Theory, Two-Factor Theory, and Acquired Needs Theory? | Hierarchy of Needs Theory |
The Content Theories of Motivation are... Hierarchy of Needs Theory, ERG Theory, Two-Factor Theory, and ________________Theory? | Acquired Needs Theory |
The Content Theories of Motivation are... Hierarchy of Needs Theory, _______ Theory, Two-Factor Theory, and Acquired Needs Theory? | ERG Theory |
The Content Theories of Motivation are... Hierarchy of Needs Theory, ERG Theory, _______________Theory, and Acquired Needs Theory? | Two-Factor Theory |
What do Content Theories of Motivation do? | Help us understand human needs and how people with different needs may respond to different work situations |
What do Process Theories of Motivation do? | Offer additional insights into how people give meaning to rewards and subsequently respond with various work-related behaviors |
What does the Reinforcement Theory of Motivation focus on? | The environment as a major source of rewards and influence on human behavior |
Needs are...? | Unfulfilled physiological or psychological desires |
"Lower order needs" are part of what Content Theory of Motivation? | Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory |
"Higher order needs" are part of what Content Theory of Motivation? | Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory |
What are lower order needs? | Physiological, safety and social needs |
What are higher order needs? | Self-esteem and Self-Actualization |
What Needs Theory does the 'deficit principle' belong to? | Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory |
What is the deficit principle? | Principal that states that a satisfied need is not a motivator of behavior |
What Needs Theory does the 'progression principle' belong to? | Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory |
What is the progression principle? | Principal that states that a need at one level does not become activated until the next lower level need is satisfied |
What does ERG stand for in the ERG Theory created by Clayton Alderfer? | Existence, Relatedness, Growth |
What are Existence needs in ERG Theory? | Desires for physiological and material wellbeing |
What are Relatedness needs in ERG Theory? | Desires for satisfying interpersonal relationships |
What are Growth needs in ERG Theory? | Desires for continued psychological growth and development |
Which Content Theory contains the 'frustration-regression' principle? | ERG Theory |
What is the 'frustration-regression' principle? | A principle stating that an already satisfied lower level need can be reactivated and influence behavior when a higher level need cannot be satisfied |
Who created the Two-Factor Theory? | Frederick Herzberg |
Two-Factor Theory takes into account what two factors? | Satisfier and Hygiene Factors |
Where are Satisfier Factors found? | In the job content, such as a sense of achievement, recognition, responsibility, advancement, and personal growth |
Where are Hygiene Factors found? | In the job context, such as working conditions, interpersonal relations, organizational policies and safety |
Hygiene factors are associated with job _________________. | dissatisfaction |
Improvement of Satisfier factors can make people less _______________ with their job, but cannot increase satisfaction | dissatisfied |
Satisfied factors and Hygiene factors are associated with which Content Theory? | Two-Factor Theory |
What is job 'content'? | What people do in terms of job tasks |
What is job 'context'? | The work setting in which people do job tasks |
Who created the Acquired Needs Theory? | David McClelland |
What are the three major needs in Acquired Need Theory? | Need for achievement, Need for power, Need for affiliation |
What does 'nAch' stand for? | Need for Achievement (Acquired Needs Theory) |
What does 'nPower" stand for? | Need for Power (Acquired Needs Theory) |
What does 'nAff' stand for? | Need for Affiliation (Acquired Needs Theory) |
What is the Need for Achievement in Acquired Needs Theory? | The desire to do something better, solve problems, or master complex tasks |
What is the Need for Power in Acquired Needs Theory? | The desire to control, influence, or be responsible for other people |
What is the Need for Affiliation in Acquired Needs Theory? | The desire to establish and maintain good relations with people |
What are the two forms of nPower as defined by McClelland? | Personal power and social power |
What are the differences between personal power and social power? | Personal power is exploitative and manipulative in a bid for personal gratification. Social power is directed towards group or organizational objectives rather than personal ones. |
What are the three Process Theories of Motivation? | Equity Theory, Expectancy Theory, and Goal Setting Theory |
What is Equity Theory based upon? | The logic of social comparisons and the notion that perceived inequity is a motivating state |
When does perceived equity occur? | When an individual is satisfied and does not change behavior |
When does perceived inequity occur? | When the individual feels discomfort and acts to eliminate the inequity |
What are two common sources of equity controversy? | Gender equity & comparable worth |
Who created Expectancy Theory? | Victor Vroom |
What is the central question of Expectancy Theory? | "What determines the willingness of an individual to work hard at tasks important to the organization?" |
What are the three factors of Expectancy Theory? | Expectancy, Instrumentality, Valence |
What is Expectancy? | A person's belief that working hard will result in high task performance |
A person's belief that working hard will result in high task performance is what factor of Expectancy Theory? | Expectancy |
What is Instrumentality? | A person's belief that various outcomes will occur as a result of task performance |
A person's belief that various outcomes will occur as a result of task performance is what factor of Expectancy Theory? | Instrumentality |
What is Valence? | The value a person assigns to work-related outcomes |
The value a person assigns to work-related outcomes is what factor of Expectancy Theory? | Valence |
Expectancy Theory applies its factors in what way? | If any factors (expectancy, valence, instrumentality) are low, motivation will suffer |
What is the goal of the manager in Expectancy Theory? | To maximise expectancy, valence, and instrumentality |
Goal-setting Theory is a _________ Theory of Motivation | Process |
What is the basic premise of Goal-setting Theory? | That task goals can be highly motivating IF they are well managed and IF they are well defined |
What is an important element of Goal-setting Theory? | Participation |
What is a good illustration of Goal-setting Theory in process? | Management by Objectives (MBO) |
Self-Efficacy Theory is what type of Motivational Theory? | Process |
What is 'self-efficiacy'? | A person's belief that she or he is capable of performing a task |
What is PsyCap? | Psychological capital |
What does PsyCap deal with? | "who you are and who you are becoming" |
How does the Reinforcement Theory of Motivation view human behavior? | Human behavior as determined by the external environmental consequences |
What is the law of effect in relation to Reinforcement Theory? | Behavior followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated; behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is not |
What is operant conditioning in relation to Reinforcement Theory? | The control of behavior by manipulating its consequences |
What is organizational behavior modification (OB Mod)? | The application of operant conditioning to influence human behavior at work |
What does 'positive reinforcement' do? | Strengthens a behavior by making a desirable consequence contingent on its occurrence |
What does 'negative reinforcement' do? | Strengthens a behavior by making the avoidance of an undesirable consequence contingent on its occurrence |
Punishment does what...? | Discourages a behavior by making an unpleasant consequence contingent on its occasion |
What does 'extinction' do? | Discourages a behavior by making the removal of a desirable consequence contingent on its occurrence |
"Discouraging a behavior by making the removal of a desirable consequence contingent on its occurrence" is what? | Extinction |
"Discouraging a behavior by making an unpleasant consequence contingent on its occasion" is what? | Punishment |
What are the four reinforcement strategies of operant conditioning in Reinforcement Theory? | Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, extinction, and punishment |
Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, extinction, and punishment are all what? | Strategies in Reinforcement Theory |
What are two important laws of positive reinforcement? | The law of contingent reinforcement, and the law of immediate reinforcement |
The law of contingent reinforcement, and the law of immediate reinforcement are both laws of _______________ reinforcement? | Positive |
The law of contingent reinforcement states what? | That for a reward to have maximum reinforcing value, it must be delivered only if the desired behavior exhibited |
"For a reward to have maximum reinforcing value, it must be delivered only if the desired behavior exhibited" is which law of positive reinforcement? | The law of contingent reinforcement |
The law of immediate reinforcement states what? | That the more immediate the delivery of a reward after the occurrence of a desirable behavior, the greater the reinforcing value of the reward |
"The more immediate the delivery of a reward after the occurrence of a desirable behavior, the greater the reinforcing value of the reward" is which law of positive reinforcement? | The law of immediate reinforcement |
What is 'shaping"? | Positive reinforcement of successive approximations to the desired behavior |
What does a continuous reinforcement schedule do? | Administers a reward each time a desirable behavior occurs |
What does an intermittent reinforcement schedule do? | Rewards behavior periodically |
What "Administers a reward each time a desirable behavior occurs"? | A continuous reinforcement schedule |
What "Rewards behavior periodically"? | An intermittent reinforcement schedule |
The 'pay for performance' model is consistent with which theories? | Equity, expectancy, and reinforcement theories |
What does 'merit pay' do? | Awards pay increases in proportion to performance contributions |
What are some examples of 'incentive remuneration systems'? | Pay for knowledge, bonus pay plans, profit-sharing plans, gain-sharing plans, and employee share ownership plans |
What is skills-based pay? | A system of paying workers according to the number of job-relevant skills they master |
Skills-based pay is an example of which incentive remuneration system? | Pay for knowledge |
What does ESOP stand for? | Employee Share Ownership Plans |