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Abnormal Psych Chapter 2
Models/Paradigms | A set of assumptions and concepts that help scientists explain and interpret observations |
Biological Theorists | Theorists view abnormal behavior as an illness brought about by malfunctioning parts of the organism; typically in the brain anatomy or chemistry |
Neurons | Nerve Cells; large groups form brain regions |
Glia | Support cells |
Cerebrum | Towards top of head; includes the cortex, corpus callosum, basal ganglia, hippocampus, and amygdala |
Cortex | Outer layer of the brain |
Corpus Callosum | Connects the brain's 2 cerebral hemispheres |
Basal Ganglia | plays a crucial role in planning and producing movement |
Hippocampus | helps control emotions and memory |
Amygdala | Plays a key role in emotional memory; raw emotion particularly fear |
Huntington's Disease | disorder marked by violents emotional outbursts, memory loss, suicidal thinking, involuntary body movements, and absurd beliefs; traced to loss of cells in the basal ganglia |
Dendrites, cell body, cell nucleus, axon, myelin sheath, terminal buttons, neurotransmitters, synaptic gap/cleft, electrical/chemical messages | List the parts involved in sending a chemical message |
serotonin, norepinephrine | Depression has been linked to low levels of _______ and __________ |
Growth, reproduction, sexual activity, heart rate, body temp, energy, and responses to stress | What activities do the endocrine glands help control? |
Adrenal, cortisol, cortisol | During stress, the ______ glands secrete the hormone _______. Abnormal secretions of _______ have been tied to anxiety and mood disorders |
Genetics, evolution, and viral infections | 3 reasons some people have brain structures or biochem. activities that differ from the norm: |
Genes | segments that control the characteristics and traits a person inherits |
Schizophrenia | Studies found that many people with the disorder ________ had mothers who contracted the flu or related viruses during pregnancy; Damaging virus may enter fetus's brain and remain dormant until adolescence/young adulthood |
drug therapy, electroconvulsive therapy, and psychosurgery | Three leading kinds of bio treatments: |
Psychotropic medications | drugs that mainly affect emotions and thought processes |
Antianxiety drugs (minor tranquilizers/anxiolytics); Antidepressant, Antibipolar (mood stabilizers); Antipsychotic Drugs | 4 major drug groups used in therapy: |
Antipsychotic Drugs | Help reduce the confusion, hallucinations, and delusions of psychotic disorders: disorders marked by a loss of contact with reality |
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT), seizure, 7, 9 | ______: 2 electrodes are placed on patient's forehead and an electrical current of 65-140 volts is passed briefly through the brain; causes brain ______ for a few mins; About ___ to ____ sessions |
Seem to expect that all human behavior can be explained in bio terms and treated w/ bio methods which can limit our understanding of abnorm. functioning; treatments can produce significant undesirable effects | Problems with Bio Model: |
Psychodynamic Theorists | Theorists believe that a person's behavior is determined largely by underlying psychological (interacting) forces of which he or she is not consciously aware |
The interaction between the internal forces: the id, ego, and superego | In the psychodynamic model, what gives rise to behavior, thoughts, and emotions? |
Psychodynamic Theorists | Theorists believe that no symptom of behavior is accidental |
Id | Part of the unconscious that denotes instinctual needs, drives, and impulses; operates in accordance with the pleasure principle; Freud |
Libido | Sexual energy; fuels the id |
Ego | separates off of the id; unconsciously seeks gratification in accordance with reality principle; guides us to know when we can or can't express those impulses |
Reality Principle | the knowledge that we acquire through experience that it can be unacceptable to express our id impulses outright |
Ego Defense Mechanisms | Ego developes basic strategies called, ____ ________ _______, to control unacceptable id impulses and avoid or reduce the anxiety they arouse |
Superego | grows from the ego; makes of the conscious |
Psychodynamic | According to the _______ model, a healthy personality is one in which an effective working relationship, an acceptable compromise, has formed among the 3 forces |
oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital | Name Freud's stages in order: |
Ego theory, self theory, and object relations theory | 3 of today's most influential psychodynamic theories: |
Ego Theorists | Psychodynamic theorists that emphasize the role of the ego and consider it a more independent and powerful force than Freud did. |
Self Theorists | Psychodynamic theorists that give the greatest attention to the role of the self- the unified personality; believe that the basic human motive is to strengthen the wholeness of the self |
Object Relations Theorist | Psychodynamic theorists that propose that people are motivated mainly by a need to have relationships w/ others and that severe problems in the relationships b/w children and their caregivers may lead to abnorm development |
Free association, therapist interpretation, catharsis, and working through | 4 Psychodynamic Therapy Techniques: |
Free association | Therapy technique in which the therapist tells the patient to describe any thought, feeling, or image that comes to mind, even if it seems unimportant; associations will eventually uncover unconscious evens |
Resistance, transference, and dreams | Interpretations of 3 phenomena: _____, ______, and ______ that are particularly important in psychodynamic therapy |
Resistance | an unconscious refusal to participate fully in therapy; when they suddenly cannot free associate or when they change a subject to avoid a discussion |
Transference | when patient's act and feel toward the therapist as they did or do toward important persons in their lives, especially parents, siblings, and spouses |
Theorists believe that repression and other defense mechanisms operate less completely during sleep and that drams can reveal unconscious instincts, needs, and wishes. | Why are dreams an important part of psychodynamic therapy? |
Manifest Content (the consciously remembered dream), and Latent Content (the symbolic meaning) | 2 Kinds of dream content (Psychodynamic Model) |
Catharsis | In psychodynamic therapy, a reliving of past repressed feelings; needed in order for patients to settle internal conflicts and overcome their problems |
Working Through | In psychodynamic therapy: patient and therapist must examine the same issues over and over in the course of many sessions, each time with greater clarity |
Short-term Psychodynamic therapies and relational psychoanalytic therapy | 2 contemporary psychodynamic approaches that are more efficient (focused and time-limited): |
Short-term psychodynamic therapy | Psychodynamic therapy in which patient chooses a single problem (dynamic focus) to work on; therapist and patient focus on that problem throughout treatment and work only on psychodynamic issues that relate to it |
Relational Psychoanalytic Therapy | Psychodyn therapy: argues that therapists are key figures in the lives of patients whose reactions & beliefs should be included in therapy; therapists should not keep things to themselves & should try to establish equal relationships w/ patients |
Concepts hard to research; no way to know if the processes are occurring | Problems w/ the psychodynamic model |
Helped us understand that abnorm functioning may be rooted in same processes as norm functioning; look for answers outside of bio processes; first to apply theory systematically to treatment | Pro's of the psychodynamic model: |
Behavioral Model | Model that concentrates on the responses an organism makes to its environment; bases explanations and treatments on principles of learning |
external, internal | In the Behavioral Model: behaviors can be _____ (such as going to work) or ________ (having a feeling or thought) |
Principles of Learning | the processes by which behaviors change in response to the environment |
operant conditioning (rewards), modeling (observation and imitation), and classical conditioning (learning occurs by temporal association) | 3 forms of conditioning |
Behavioral Therapy | aims to identify behaviors that are causing a person's problems and then tries to replace them with more appropriate ones by applying the principles of classical conditioning, operant conditioning, or modeling |
Systematic Desensitization | behavioral therapy method in which clients learn to react calmly instead of with intense fear to the objects or situations they dread; First learn relaxation techniques, then construct fear hierarchy, then confront while relaxed |
It can be tested/observed/measures; can be helpful to people with specific fears, compulsive behavior, social deficits, mental retardation, etc. | Pro's of the behavioral model |
Con's of the behavioral model: | |
Behavioral Model | Model that concentrates on the responses an organism makes to its environment; bases explanations and treatments on principles of learning |
external, internal | In the Behavioral Model: behaviors can be _____ (such as going to work) or ________ (having a feeling or thought) |
Principles of Learning | the processes by which behaviors change in response to the environment |
operant conditioning (rewards), modeling (observation and imitation), and classical conditioning (learning occurs by temporal association) | 3 forms of conditioning |
Behavioral Therapy | aims to identify behaviors that are causing a person's problems and then tries to replace them with more appropriate ones by applying the principles of classical conditioning, operant conditioning, or modeling |
Systematic Desensitization | behavioral therapy method in which clients learn to react calmly instead of with intense fear to the objects or situations they dread; First learn relaxation techniques, then construct fear hierarchy, then confront while relaxed |
It can be tested/observed/measures; can be helpful to people with specific fears, compulsive behavior, social deficits, mental retardation, etc. | Pro's of the behavioral model |
still no solid evidence that most people w/ psych. disorders are victims of improper conditioning; has limits: improvements in therapy do not always extend outside or last w/o cont. therapy; too simplistic-fails to account for complexity of behavior | Con's of the behavioral model: |
Cognitive abilities | special intellectual capacities to think, remember, and anticipate |
Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck | Proposed that cognitive processes are at the center of behaviors, thoughts, and emotions and that we can best understand abnorm functioning by looking to cognition |
Cognitive Model | Abnorm functioning can result from assumptions and adopted attitudes that are disturbing/inaccurate and illogical thinking processes such as overgeneralization |
Cognitive Therapists | Therapists believe people w/ psychological disorders can overcome their problems by developing new, more functional ways of thinking |
Cognitive Therapy | therapists help clients recog. the neg. thoughts, biased interprets., & errors in logic that dom. their thinking & cause them to feel depressed; guide to challenge dysfunct. thoughts, try new interprets., & apply new ways of thinking to daily life |
It focuses on a process unique to human beings: the process of human thought; Lend themselves to research; very effective for treating depression, panic disorder, social phobia, and sexual dysfunctions | Pro's of the Cognitive Model |
Precise role of cognitive processes has yet to be determined; they do not help everyone (cog. changes not always possible to achieve); it is narrow (only one part of human functioning) | Con's of the Cognitive Model |
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) | therapy that helps clients to accept many of their problematic thoughts rather than judge them, act on them, or try to change them; by recogniz. the thoughts as just thoughts, clients will be able to let them pass w/o being troubled by them |
Humanists | believe humans are born w/ a natural tendency to be friendly, cooperative, & constructive; people are driven to self-actualize-can only do that by honestly recogniz. &accepting their weaknesses as well as their strengths & establish personal values |
Self-Actualize | to fulfill the potential for goodness and growth |
Self-Actualization | Humanists suggest that ___ ______ leads naturally to a concern for the welfare of others and to behavior that is loving, courageous, spontaneous, and independent |
Existentialists | humans must have accurate awareness of themselves and live meaningful lives in order to be psychly. well; from birth we have totally freedom and ability to choose to hide from responsibility or to face up to our lives |
Humanists (the more positive) believe we are born w/ a natural tendency to be friendly, cooperative, and constructive; Existentialists believe we can choose at birth to face up to responsibilities or hide from them. | One major difference between humanists and existentialists: |
Carl Rogers | the pioneer of the humanistic perspective, developed client-centered therapy |
Infancy; positive; unconditional self regard; conditions of worth | Carl Rogers believes road to dysfunction begins in ____, we all have a basic need for ____ regard; those who develop unconditional positive regard are likely to develop ____ ___ ___; Children who do not feel they are worthy develop ____ of _____ |
Conditions of worth | standards that tell children/people they are lovable & acceptable only when they conform to certain guidelines; look at themselves very selectively, deny/distort thoughts & actions that do not measure up, thus acquiring distorted view of themselves/exper. |
Client-centered therapy | therapy that tries to create a supportive climate in which clients feel able to look at themselves honestly and acceptingly |
Unconditional pos. regard (full & warm acceptance for the client), accurate empathy (skillful listening & restatements), and genuiness (sincere communication) | In client-centered therapy, therapist must display 3 important qualities: |
Has not done well in research | Con's of Client-centered therapy |
one of the 1st major alternatives to psychodynamic therapy, helped open up clinical field to new approaches, helped pave the way for psychologists to practice psychotherapy instead of just psychiatrists | Pro's of client-centered therapy |
Gestalt therapy | humanistic approach; developed by Frederick Perls; guide clients toward self-recognition and self-acceptance by frustrating and challenging clients |
skillful frustration, role playing, and roles&exercises | 3 Techniques used in gestalt therapy |
Skillful frustration | therapy technique in which the therapist refuses to meet the client's expectations of demands; meant to help people see how often they try to manipulate others into meeting their needs |
role-playing | therapy technique in which the client acts out another role; experience may help clients accept feelings that previously made them uncomfortable |
Existential therapy | therapy in which people are encouraged to accept responsibility for their lives and for their problems; place great emphasis on relationship b/w therapist and client; try to produce atmosphere of candor, hard work, and shared learning/growth |
issues are difficult to research; have traditionally rejected the use of empirical research | Con's of the humanistic-existential model: |
the family-social perspective and the multicultural perspective | The sociocultural model consists of 2 perspectives: |
Family-social perspective | argues that clinic. teorists should concen.on those broad forces that operate directly on an individ(family relations, social interactions, & community events) they pay attn. to 3 kinds of factors: social labels/roles, social nets, & fam structure/comm. |
Family systems theory | the family is a system of interacting parts (the fam members), who interact w/ one another in consistent ways & follow rules unique to each fam.; believe the structre and comm. patterns of some fams force individ. members to behave abnormally |
Enmeshed | ______ structure:members are grossly overinvolved in each other's activities, thoughts, and feelings |
Disengaged | very rigid boundaries b/w members in a family |
group therapy, family and couple therapy, and community treatment | Family-social perspective helped spur growth of several new treatment approaches: |
Group therapy | type of therapy in which a therapist meets w/ a group of clients who have similar problems and develop important insights, build social skills, strengthen feelings of self-worth, and share useful info/advice |
self help/mutual help groups come together to help and support one another w/o the direct leadership of a professional clinician | The difference between a self-help group/mutual help group and group therapy |
Family therapy | therapist meets w/ all members of a family, points out problem behaviors and interactions, and helps the whole family to change its ways |
structural family therapy | Family systems approach in which therapists try to change the family power structure, the roles each person plays, and the relationships b/w members |
conjiont family therapy | family systems approach in which therapists try to help members recognize and change harmful patterns of communication |
Integrative couple therapy | therapy that helps partners accept behaviors that they cannot change and embrace the whole relationship nevertheless |
Behavioral couple therapy | therapy that helps spouses recognize and change problem behaviors largely by teaching specific problem-solving communication skills |
Community mental health treatment | programs that allow clients to receive treatment in familiar social surroundings as they try to recover |
Community Mental Health Act | John F. Kennedy's approach for the treatment of mental disorders |
Primary prevention | consists of efforts to improve community attitudes and policies; goal:to help prevent psychological disorders |
Secondary Prevention | consists of identifying and treating psychological disorders in the early stages before they become serious; workers may work with teachers, ministers, or police to help them recognize warning signs of early abnorm. development |
Tertiary Prevention | goal: to provide effective treatment as soon as it is needed so that moderate or severe disorders do not become long-term problems |
Multicultural Perspective | seeks to understand how culture, race, ethnicity, gender, & similar factors affect behavior & thought & how people of diff. cultures, races, & genders differ psychologically |
greater sensitivity to cultural issues and inclusion of cultural morals and models in treatment | 2 features of treatment that can increase a therapist's effectiveness w/ minority clients: |
Culture-sensitive therapies | approaches that seek to address the unique issues faced by members of cultural minority groups |
treatment formats offered sometimes succeed where traditional approaches have failed | Pro's of the sociocultural model |
research findings are difficult to interpret; inability to predict abnormality in specific individuals | Con's of the sociocultural model |
What chemicals are released during depression?
People with clinical depression often have increased levels of monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), an enzyme that breaks down key neurotransmitters, resulting in very low levels of serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine.
What chemicals cause anxiety?
The neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are specifically believed to be linked to mood and anxiety disorders.
What is the chemical imbalance in depression?
For years, a chemical imbalance of serotonin has been widely viewed as the culprit for depression, resulting in the widespread use of antidepressants like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which boosts serotonin in the brain.
What is the neurochemical cause for depression?
The neurochemical level of description
From a clinical perspective, the most influential neurobiological discoveries related to depression have probably been neurotransmitter-related ('neurochemical') abnormalities, with the monoamines (serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine) having received most attention.